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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel; German: .}} (27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a 19th-century German idealist. His influence extends across a wide range of topics from metaphysical issues in epistemology and ontology, to political philosophy and the philosophy of art and religion.

Born in 1770 in Stuttgart, Holy Roman Empire, during the transitional period between the Enlightenment and the Romantic movement in the Germanic regions of Europe, Hegel lived through and was influenced by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. His fame rests chiefly upon the ''Phenomenology of Spirit'', the ''Science of Logic'', and his teleological account of history.

Throughout his career, Hegel strove to correct what he argued were untenable dualisms endemic to modern philosophy (typically by drawing upon the resources of ancient philosophy, particularly Aristotle). Hegel everywhere insists that reason and freedom, despite being natural potentials, are historical achievements. His dialectical-speculative procedure is grounded in the principle of immanence, that is, in assessing claims always according to their own internal criteria. Taking skepticism seriously, he contends that people cannot presume any truths that have not passed the test of experience; even the ''a priori'' categories of the ''Logic'' must attain their "verification" in the natural world and the historical accomplishments of mankind.

Guided by the Delphic imperative to "know thyself", Hegel presents free self-determination as the essence of mankind – a conclusion from his 1806–07 ''Phenomenology'' that he claims is further verified by the systematic account of the interdependence of logic, nature, and spirit in his later ''Encyclopedia''. He asserts that the ''Logic'' at once preserves and overcomes the dualisms of the material and the mental – that is, it accounts for both the continuity and difference marking the domains of nature and culture – as a metaphysically necessary and coherent "identity of identity and non-identity".

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