MARC

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022 |a 0002-9572 
022 |a 0271-4353 
022 |a 0273-1975 
035 |a 215095473 
045 2 |b d20080801  |b d20080831 
084 |a 18556609 
084 |a 8  |2 nlm 
100 1 |a West, Stephen G, PhD 
245 1 |a Alternatives to the Randomized Controlled Trial 
260 |b American Public Health Association  |c Aug 2008 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a Public health researchers are addressing new research questions (e.g., effects of environmental tobacco smoke, Hurricane Katrina) for which the randomized controlled trial (RCT) may not be a feasible option. Drawing on the potential outcomes framework (Rubin Causal Model) and Campbellian perspectives, we consider alternative research designs that permit relatively strong causal inferences. In randomized encouragement designs, participants are randomly invited to participate in one of the treatment conditions, but are allowed to decide whether to receive treatment. In quantitative assignment designs, treatment is assigned on the basis of a quantitative measure (e.g., need, merit, risk). In observational studies, treatment assignment is unknown and presumed to be nonrandom. Major threats to the validity of each design and statistical strategies for mitigating those threats are presented. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]   Public health researchers are addressing new research questions (e.g., effects of environmental tobacco smoke, Hurricane Katrina) for which the randomized controlled trial (RCT) may not be a feasible option. Drawing on the potential outcomes framework (Rubin Causal Model) and Campbellian perspectives, we consider alternative research designs that permit relatively strong causal inferences. In randomized encouragement designs, participants are randomly invited to participate in one of the treatment conditions, but are allowed to decide whether to receive treatment. In quantitative assignment designs, treatment is assigned on the basis of a quantitative measure (e.g., need, merit, risk). In observational studies, treatment assignment is unknown and presumed to be nonrandom. Major threats to the validity of each design and statistical strategies for mitigating those threats are presented. 
650 1 2 |a Causality 
650 2 2 |a Choice Behavior 
650 1 2 |a Epidemiologic Research Design 
650 2 2 |a Humans 
650 2 2 |a Public Health 
650 2 2 |a Qualitative Research 
650 1 2 |a Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic 
650 2 2 |a Regression Analysis 
650 1 2 |a Reproducibility of Results 
650 2 2 |a Research Subjects  |x psychology 
653 |a Studies 
653 |a Medical research 
653 |a Tobacco smoke 
653 |a Religious organizations 
653 |a Prevention programs 
653 |a Intervention 
653 |a Confidence intervals 
653 |a Employment 
653 |a Clinical trials 
653 |a Research 
653 |a Validity 
653 |a Hurricanes 
653 |a Job hunting 
653 |a Environmental effects 
653 |a Passive smoking 
653 |a Observational studies 
653 |a Causal models 
653 |a Threats 
653 |a Research design 
653 |a Tobacco 
653 |a Alternative approaches 
653 |a Assignment 
653 |a Social 
700 1 |a Duan, Naihua, PhD 
700 1 |a Pequegnat, Willo, PhD 
700 1 |a Gaist, Paul, PhD, MPH 
700 1 |a Des Jarlais, Don C, PhD 
700 1 |a Holtgrave, David, PhD 
700 1 |a Szapocznik, José, PhD 
700 1 |a Fishbein, Martin, PhD 
700 1 |a Rapkin, Bruce, PhD 
700 1 |a Clatts, Michael, PhD 
700 1 |a Mullen, Patricia Dolan, DrPH 
773 0 |t American Journal of Public Health  |g vol. 98, no. 8 (Aug 2008), p. 1359-1366 
786 0 |d ProQuest  |t ABI/INFORM Global 
856 4 1 |3 Citation/Abstract  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/215095473/abstract/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/215095473/fulltext/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text - PDF  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/215095473/fulltextPDF/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch