Catching a CAPTCHA: the impact of variable input on the processing of emerging orthographic representations

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Bibliografiske detaljer
Udgivet i:Language and Cognition vol. 17 (2025)
Hovedforfatter: Solaja, Olga
Andre forfattere: Fernández-López, María, Crepaldi, Davide, Perea, Manuel
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Cambridge University Press
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024 7 |a 10.1017/langcog.2024.71  |2 doi 
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100 1 |a Solaja, Olga  |u Cognitive Neuroscience Area, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy 
245 1 |a Catching a CAPTCHA: the impact of variable input on the processing of emerging orthographic representations 
260 |b Cambridge University Press  |c 2025 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a Variability inherent to handwriting has been suggested to help establish more robust letter representations than other methods (e.g., typing). The present study tests whether encoding letter strings from a novel alphabet becomes more resistant to distortion when trained with variable input. Over 5 days, participants learned an 11-character artificial alphabet in a variable handwritten format involving reading, listening and handwriting practice. Another set of 11 artificial characters served as a visual control. Before and after the training, participants completed a masked priming same–different matching task with the novel alphabet letters. The key manipulation was in the primes: the identity/unrelated primes could be presented in a printed or distorted format. Results showed identity priming in both conditions, with a stronger effect for the printed primes. These effects increased post training for experimental and visual control scripts, indicating that exposure to variable input enhances distortion resistance even without explicit training. A second experiment assessed the transposed-letter effect – another marker of orthographic processing – in the novel scripts with an unprimed same–different matching task. Results showed that the transposed-letter effect occurred similarly before and after the training for both scripts. Therefore, letter shape variability when learning to read does not seem to boost orthographic processing. 
653 |a Reading acquisition 
653 |a Priming 
653 |a Handwriting 
653 |a Phonology 
653 |a Experiments 
653 |a Encoding (Cognitive process) 
653 |a Reading 
653 |a Grapheme phoneme correspondence 
653 |a Sensors 
653 |a Manipulation 
653 |a Training 
653 |a Keyboarding 
653 |a Orthographic processing 
653 |a Identity 
653 |a Resistance 
653 |a Scripts 
653 |a Distortion 
653 |a Encoding 
653 |a Letters (Correspondence) 
653 |a Variability 
653 |a Alphabet letters 
700 1 |a Fernández-López, María  |u Department of Basic Psychology, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 València, Spain 
700 1 |a Crepaldi, Davide  |u Cognitive Neuroscience Area, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy 
700 1 |a Perea, Manuel  |u Department of Methodology and ERI-Lectura, Universitat de València, València, Spain; CINC, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain 
773 0 |t Language and Cognition  |g vol. 17 (2025) 
786 0 |d ProQuest  |t Research Library 
856 4 1 |3 Citation/Abstract  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3153416549/abstract/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text + Graphics  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3153416549/fulltextwithgraphics/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text - PDF  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3153416549/fulltextPDF/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch