Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-Based Lock-In Amplifier System with Signal Enhancement: A Comprehensive Review on the Design for Advanced Measurement Applications
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| Yayımlandı: | Sensors vol. 25, no. 2 (2025), p. 584 |
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| Diğer Yazarlar: | , , |
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MDPI AG
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| Online Erişim: | Citation/Abstract Full Text + Graphics Full Text - PDF |
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|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | 3159622020 | ||
| 003 | UK-CbPIL | ||
| 022 | |a 1424-8220 | ||
| 024 | 7 | |a 10.3390/s25020584 |2 doi | |
| 035 | |a 3159622020 | ||
| 045 | 2 | |b d20250101 |b d20251231 | |
| 084 | |a 231630 |2 nlm | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Galaviz-Aguilar, Jose Alejandro |u Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; <email>galaviz@tec.mx</email> (J.A.G.-A.); <email>cvargas@tec.mx</email> (C.V.-R.); <email>francisco.falcone@tec.mx</email> (F.F.) | |
| 245 | 1 | |a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-Based Lock-In Amplifier System with Signal Enhancement: A Comprehensive Review on the Design for Advanced Measurement Applications | |
| 260 | |b MDPI AG |c 2025 | ||
| 513 | |a Journal Article | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a Lock-in amplifiers (LIAs) are critical tools in precision measurement, particularly for applications involving weak signals obscured by noise. Advances in signal processing algorithms and hardware synthesis have enabled accurate signal extraction, even in extremely noisy environments, making LIAs indispensable in sensor applications for healthcare, industry, and other services. For instance, the electrical impedance measurement of the human body, organs, tissues, and cells, known as bioelectrical impedance, is commonly used in biomedical and healthcare applications because it is non-invasive and relatively inexpensive. Also, due to its portability and miniaturization capabilities, it has great potential for the development of new point-of-care and portable testing devices. In this document, we highlight existing techniques for high-frequency resolution and precise phase detection in LIA reference signals from field-programmable gate array (FPGA) designs. A comprehensive review is presented under the key requirements and techniques for single- and dual-phase digital LIA architectures, where relevant insights are provided to address the LIAs’ digital precision in measurement system configurations. Furthermore, the document highlights a novel method to enhance the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR), thereby advancing the precision and effectiveness of LIAs in complex measurement environments. Finally, we summarize the diverse applications of impedance measurement, highlighting the wide range of fields that can benefit from the design of high performance in modern measurement technologies. | |
| 653 | |a Receivers & amplifiers | ||
| 653 | |a Electronic health records | ||
| 653 | |a Accuracy | ||
| 653 | |a Embedded systems | ||
| 653 | |a Digital signal processors | ||
| 653 | |a Spectrum analysis | ||
| 653 | |a Signal to noise ratio | ||
| 653 | |a Rapid prototyping | ||
| 653 | |a Telecommunications systems | ||
| 653 | |a Sensors | ||
| 653 | |a Field programmable gate arrays | ||
| 653 | |a Signal processing | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Vargas-Rosales, Cesar |u Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; <email>galaviz@tec.mx</email> (J.A.G.-A.); <email>cvargas@tec.mx</email> (C.V.-R.); <email>francisco.falcone@tec.mx</email> (F.F.) | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Falcone, Francisco |u Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; <email>galaviz@tec.mx</email> (J.A.G.-A.); <email>cvargas@tec.mx</email> (C.V.-R.); <email>francisco.falcone@tec.mx</email> (F.F.); Institute of Smart Cities, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Aguilar-Avelar, Carlos |u Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21280, Mexico | |
| 773 | 0 | |t Sensors |g vol. 25, no. 2 (2025), p. 584 | |
| 786 | 0 | |d ProQuest |t Health & Medical Collection | |
| 856 | 4 | 1 | |3 Citation/Abstract |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3159622020/abstract/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |3 Full Text + Graphics |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3159622020/fulltextwithgraphics/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |3 Full Text - PDF |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3159622020/fulltextPDF/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch |