Red and blue language: Word choices in the Trump and Harris 2024 presidential debate

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Publicat a:PLoS One vol. 20, no. 6 (Jun 2025), p. e0324715
Autor principal: Wicke, Philipp
Altres autors: Bolognesi, Marianna M
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Public Library of Science
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100 1 |a Wicke, Philipp 
245 1 |a Red and blue language: Word choices in the Trump and Harris 2024 presidential debate 
260 |b Public Library of Science  |c Jun 2025 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a Political debates are a peculiar type of political discourse, in which candidates directly confront one another, addressing not only the the moderator’s questions, but also their opponent’s statements, as well as the concerns of voters from both parties and undecided voters. Therefore, language is adjusted to meet specific expectations and achieve persuasion. We analyse how the language of Trump and Harris during the Presidential debate (September 10th, 2024) differs in relation to semantic and pragmatic features, for which we formulated targeted hypotheses: framing values and ideology, appealing to emotion, using words with different degrees of concreteness and specificity, addressing others through singular or plural pronouns. Our findings include: differences in the use of figurative frames (Harris often framing issues around recovery and empowerment, Trump often focused on crisis and decline); similar use of emotional language, with Trump showing a slightly higher tendency toward negativity and toward less subjective language compared to Harris; no significant difference in the specificity of candidates’ responses; similar use of abstract language, with Trump showing more variability than Harris, depending on the subject discussed; differences in addressing the opponent, with Trump not mentioning Harris by name, while Harris referring to Trump frequently; different uses of pronouns, with Harris using both singular and plural pronouns equally, while Trump using more singular pronouns. The results are discussed in relation to previous literature on Red and Blue language, which refers to distinct linguistic patterns associated with Republican (Red) and Democratic (Blue) political ideologies. 
651 4 |a United States--US 
653 |a Politics 
653 |a Language 
653 |a Ideology 
653 |a Subjectivity 
653 |a Law enforcement 
653 |a Debates 
653 |a Empowerment 
653 |a Voter behavior 
653 |a Voters 
653 |a Metaphor 
653 |a Candidates 
653 |a Emotions 
653 |a Discourse 
653 |a Immigration 
653 |a Rhetoric 
653 |a Perceptions 
653 |a Hypotheses 
653 |a Political ideologies 
653 |a Political campaigns 
653 |a Frame analysis 
653 |a Election results 
653 |a Empathy 
653 |a Linguistics 
653 |a Negative campaigning 
653 |a Political power 
653 |a Presidential elections 
653 |a Political discourse 
653 |a Semantics 
653 |a Language patterns 
653 |a Pronouns 
653 |a Presidents 
653 |a Semantic features 
653 |a Language usage 
653 |a Pragmatics 
653 |a Persuasion 
653 |a Address forms 
653 |a Social 
700 1 |a Bolognesi, Marianna M 
773 0 |t PLoS One  |g vol. 20, no. 6 (Jun 2025), p. e0324715 
786 0 |d ProQuest  |t Health & Medical Collection 
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