Conditional Random Field Approach Combining FFT Filtering and Co-Kriging for Reliability Assessment of Slopes

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Publicado no:Applied Sciences vol. 15, no. 16 (2025), p. 8858-8879
Autor principal: Dong, Xin
Outros Autores: Yang, Tianhong, Gao, Yuan, Deng Wenxue, Liu, Yang, Niu Peng, Jiao Shihui, Zhao, Yong
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MDPI AG
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100 1 |a Dong, Xin  |u Center for Rock Instability and Seismicity Research, School of Resources & Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; xindong961@foxmail.com (X.D.); dengwenxue@mail.neu.edu.cn (W.D.); lewis0729rock@163.com (Y.L.); 2210415@stu.neu.edu.cn (P.N.); jiaoshihui0206@126.com (S.J.); zhaoyong0724@mail.neu.edu.cn (Y.Z.) 
245 1 |a Conditional Random Field Approach Combining FFT Filtering and Co-Kriging for Reliability Assessment of Slopes 
260 |b MDPI AG  |c 2025 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a The proposed conditional random field framework can be seamlessly incorporated into routine slope-design workflows to deliver rigorous reliability assessments. Applied judiciously, it pinpoints zones where geotechnical uncertainty is both greatest and most influential on stability, enabling strategically targeted borehole placement that maximizes information gain while reducing investigation costs. Looking ahead, adopting the closed-loop sequence of “investigation → updating → correction” would foster proactive, data-driven slope management in civil and mining engineering projects. Conventional unconditional random field (URF) models were shown to neglect in-situ monitoring data and thus misrepresent real slope stability. To address this, a conditional random field (CRF) generator was proposed, in which Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) filtering was coupled with co-Kriging to assimilate site observations. A representative three-bench slope was adopted, and the failure-mode distribution and the statistics of the factor of safety (FoS) produced by the URF, the independent random field (IRF), and the CRF were examined across bedding-dip angles of 15–75° and two cross-correlation states (<inline-formula>ρ</inline-formula> = −0.2, 0). It was found that eliminating cross-correlation decreased the mean FoS by 0.006, increased its standard deviation by 10.26%, and raised the frequency of low-FoS events from 7.49% to 12.30%. When field constraints were imposed through the CRF, the probability of through-going failure was reduced by 12%, the mean FoS was increased by 0.01, the standard deviation was reduced by 15.38%, and low-FoS events were suppressed to 2.30%. The CRF framework was thus demonstrated to integrate stochastic analysis with field measurements, enabling more realistic reliability assessment and proactive risk management of slopes. 
653 |a Friction 
653 |a Simulation 
653 |a Shear tests 
653 |a Engineering 
653 |a Fourier transforms 
653 |a Probability distribution 
653 |a Normal distribution 
653 |a Geology 
700 1 |a Yang, Tianhong  |u Center for Rock Instability and Seismicity Research, School of Resources &amp;amp; Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; xindong961@foxmail.com (X.D.); dengwenxue@mail.neu.edu.cn (W.D.); lewis0729rock@163.com (Y.L.); 2210415@stu.neu.edu.cn (P.N.); jiaoshihui0206@126.com (S.J.); zhaoyong0724@mail.neu.edu.cn (Y.Z.) 
700 1 |a Gao, Yuan  |u Information Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management, Beijing 100029, China; gaoyuan1024@outlook.com 
700 1 |a Deng Wenxue  |u Center for Rock Instability and Seismicity Research, School of Resources &amp;amp; Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; xindong961@foxmail.com (X.D.); dengwenxue@mail.neu.edu.cn (W.D.); lewis0729rock@163.com (Y.L.); 2210415@stu.neu.edu.cn (P.N.); jiaoshihui0206@126.com (S.J.); zhaoyong0724@mail.neu.edu.cn (Y.Z.) 
700 1 |a Liu, Yang  |u Center for Rock Instability and Seismicity Research, School of Resources &amp;amp; Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; xindong961@foxmail.com (X.D.); dengwenxue@mail.neu.edu.cn (W.D.); lewis0729rock@163.com (Y.L.); 2210415@stu.neu.edu.cn (P.N.); jiaoshihui0206@126.com (S.J.); zhaoyong0724@mail.neu.edu.cn (Y.Z.) 
700 1 |a Niu Peng  |u Center for Rock Instability and Seismicity Research, School of Resources &amp;amp; Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; xindong961@foxmail.com (X.D.); dengwenxue@mail.neu.edu.cn (W.D.); lewis0729rock@163.com (Y.L.); 2210415@stu.neu.edu.cn (P.N.); jiaoshihui0206@126.com (S.J.); zhaoyong0724@mail.neu.edu.cn (Y.Z.) 
700 1 |a Jiao Shihui  |u Center for Rock Instability and Seismicity Research, School of Resources &amp;amp; Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; xindong961@foxmail.com (X.D.); dengwenxue@mail.neu.edu.cn (W.D.); lewis0729rock@163.com (Y.L.); 2210415@stu.neu.edu.cn (P.N.); jiaoshihui0206@126.com (S.J.); zhaoyong0724@mail.neu.edu.cn (Y.Z.) 
700 1 |a Zhao, Yong  |u Center for Rock Instability and Seismicity Research, School of Resources &amp;amp; Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; xindong961@foxmail.com (X.D.); dengwenxue@mail.neu.edu.cn (W.D.); lewis0729rock@163.com (Y.L.); 2210415@stu.neu.edu.cn (P.N.); jiaoshihui0206@126.com (S.J.); zhaoyong0724@mail.neu.edu.cn (Y.Z.) 
773 0 |t Applied Sciences  |g vol. 15, no. 16 (2025), p. 8858-8879 
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