Computational Thinking in Primary and Pre-School Children: A Systematic Review of the Literature

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Publicado en:Education Sciences vol. 15, no. 8 (2025), p. 985-1005
Autor principal: Paraskevopoulou-Kollia Efrosyni-Alkisti
Otros Autores: Christos-Apostolos, Michalakopoulos, Zygouris, Nikolaos C, Bagos, Pantelis G
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MDPI AG
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024 7 |a 10.3390/educsci15080985  |2 doi 
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100 1 |a Paraskevopoulou-Kollia Efrosyni-Alkisti  |u Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Papasiopoulou 2-4, 35100 Lamia, Greece; frini@dib.uth.gr (E.-A.P.-K.); michalakopouloschristos@gmail.com (C.-A.M.) 
245 1 |a Computational Thinking in Primary and Pre-School Children: A Systematic Review of the Literature 
260 |b MDPI AG  |c 2025 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a Computational Thinking (CT) has been an important concept for the computer science education community in the last 20 years. In this work we performed a systematic review of the literature regarding the computational thinking of children from kindergarten to primary school. We compiled a large dataset of one hundred and twenty (120) studies from the literature. Through analysis of these studies, we tried to reveal important insights and draw interesting and valid conclusions. We analyzed various qualitative and quantitative aspects of the studies, including the sample size, the year of publication, the country of origin, the studies’ design and duration, the computational tools used, and so on. An important aspect of the work is to highlight differences between different study designs. We identified a total of 120 studies, with more than half of them (>50%) originating from Asian countries. Most studies (82.5%) conducted some form of intervention, aiming to improve their computational thinking in students. A smaller proportion (17.5%) were assessment studies in which the authors conducted assessments regarding the children’s computational thinking. On average, intervention studies had a smaller number of participants, but differences in duration could not be identified. There was also a lack of large-scale longitudinal studies. Block-based coding (i.e., Scratch) and Plugged and Unplugged activities were observed in high numbers in both categories of studies. CT assessment tools showed great variability. Efforts for standardization and reaching a consensus are needed in this regard. Finally, robotic systems have been found to play a major role in interventions over the last years. 
653 |a Problem solving 
653 |a Software 
653 |a Students 
653 |a Computer science 
653 |a Automation 
653 |a Teachers 
653 |a Skills 
653 |a Algorithms 
653 |a Literature Reviews 
653 |a World Problems 
653 |a Influence of Technology 
653 |a Researchers 
653 |a Educational Technology 
653 |a Young Children 
653 |a Preschool Children 
653 |a Kindergarten 
653 |a Elementary Education 
653 |a Simulation 
653 |a Skill Development 
653 |a Preschool Education 
653 |a Elementary Schools 
653 |a Elementary Secondary Education 
653 |a Convergent Thinking 
653 |a Definitions 
653 |a Logical Thinking 
653 |a Science Teachers 
653 |a Programming 
700 1 |a Christos-Apostolos, Michalakopoulos  |u Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Papasiopoulou 2-4, 35100 Lamia, Greece; frini@dib.uth.gr (E.-A.P.-K.); michalakopouloschristos@gmail.com (C.-A.M.) 
700 1 |a Zygouris, Nikolaos C  |u Laboratory of Digital Neuropsychological Assessment, Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Thessaly, 35100 Lamia, Greece; nzygouris@uth.gr 
700 1 |a Bagos, Pantelis G  |u Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Papasiopoulou 2-4, 35100 Lamia, Greece; frini@dib.uth.gr (E.-A.P.-K.); michalakopouloschristos@gmail.com (C.-A.M.) 
773 0 |t Education Sciences  |g vol. 15, no. 8 (2025), p. 985-1005 
786 0 |d ProQuest  |t Education Database 
856 4 1 |3 Citation/Abstract  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3244010780/abstract/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text + Graphics  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3244010780/fulltextwithgraphics/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text - PDF  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3244010780/fulltextPDF/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch