State-by-State Review: The Spread of Law Enforcement Accountability Policies
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| Vydáno v: | Social Sciences vol. 14, no. 8 (2025), p. 483-507 |
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| Hlavní autor: | |
| Další autoři: | , , , , , , , , |
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MDPI AG
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| 001 | 3244060353 | ||
| 003 | UK-CbPIL | ||
| 022 | |a 2076-0760 | ||
| 024 | 7 | |a 10.3390/socsci14080483 |2 doi | |
| 035 | |a 3244060353 | ||
| 045 | 2 | |b d20250101 |b d20251231 | |
| 084 | |a 231631 |2 nlm | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Zare Hossein |u Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; dgilmor7@jhu.edu (D.R.G.); nmassou1@jhmi.edu (N.M.); mspenc35@jhu.edu (M.S.); crifasi@jhu.edu (C.C.) | |
| 245 | 1 | |a State-by-State Review: The Spread of Law Enforcement Accountability Policies | |
| 260 | |b MDPI AG |c 2025 | ||
| 513 | |a Journal Article | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a Purpose: Following George Floyd’s death, the push for law enforcement accountability policies has intensified. Despite robust legislative action, challenges in enacting and implementing meaningful reforms persist. This study analyzes police accountability policies (PAP) in the U.S. from 2020 to 2022, identifying barriers and facilitators through expert perspectives in enforcement oversight, policy advocacy, and community engagement. Methods: The study used a dual approach: analyzing 226 police accountability bills from all 50 U.S. states, D.C., and Puerto Rico via the National Conference of State Legislatures database, and categorizing them into six key areas such as training, technology use, and certification. Additionally, a survey was conducted among experts to identify the challenges and drivers in passing police accountability legislation. Findings: A legislative analysis showed that although 35 states passed police accountability laws, California, New Jersey, Oklahoma, and Colorado have made significant strides by passing multiple pieces of legislation aimed at enhancing law enforcement accountability and ensuring better policing practices. The most common policies focused on training and technology, enacted by 16 and 12 states, respectively. However, crucial certification and decertification policies were adopted in just 13 states, highlighting the inconsistent implementation of measures critical for police accountability and transparency. The survey identified several barriers to passing PAP, including inadequate support from local governments (72.7%). Structural exclusion of poor and minority communities from policing resources was also a significant barrier (54.5%). Facilitators included community support (81.8%) and a cultural shift in policing towards viewing officers as “guardians” rather than “warriors” (63.6%). Conclusions: While some progress has been made in passing PAP, considerable gaps remain, particularly in enforcement and comprehensive reform. Resistance from law enforcement institutions, lack of community support, and structural inequalities continue to impede the adoption of effective PAP. | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Puerto Rico | |
| 651 | 4 | |a United States--US | |
| 653 | |a Transparency | ||
| 653 | |a Databases | ||
| 653 | |a Police departments | ||
| 653 | |a Resistance | ||
| 653 | |a Technology | ||
| 653 | |a Violence | ||
| 653 | |a Health disparities | ||
| 653 | |a Official misconduct | ||
| 653 | |a Law enforcement | ||
| 653 | |a Inequality | ||
| 653 | |a Certification | ||
| 653 | |a Community | ||
| 653 | |a Police | ||
| 653 | |a Legislation | ||
| 653 | |a States | ||
| 653 | |a Barriers | ||
| 653 | |a Racial differences | ||
| 653 | |a Deadly force | ||
| 653 | |a Decision making | ||
| 653 | |a Advocacy | ||
| 653 | |a Minority groups | ||
| 653 | |a Public health | ||
| 653 | |a Police shootings | ||
| 653 | |a Policing | ||
| 653 | |a Accountability | ||
| 653 | |a Polls & surveys | ||
| 653 | |a Adoption of innovations | ||
| 653 | |a Multiculturalism & pluralism | ||
| 653 | |a Public policy | ||
| 653 | |a Government agencies | ||
| 653 | |a Training | ||
| 653 | |a Racial profiling | ||
| 653 | |a State legislatures | ||
| 653 | |a Legislatures | ||
| 653 | |a Firearm laws & regulations | ||
| 653 | |a Guardians | ||
| 653 | |a Local government | ||
| 653 | |a Criminal law | ||
| 653 | |a Legal reform | ||
| 653 | |a Body cameras | ||
| 653 | |a Cultural differences | ||
| 653 | |a Reforms | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Gilmore, Danielle R |u Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; dgilmor7@jhu.edu (D.R.G.); nmassou1@jhmi.edu (N.M.); mspenc35@jhu.edu (M.S.); crifasi@jhu.edu (C.C.) | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Balsara Khushbu |u Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; kbalsar2@jhmi.edu | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Pargas, Celina Renee |u Mathematica, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; cpargas@mathematica-mpr.com | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Valek, Rebecca |u Oregon Health & Science University Gun Violence Prevention Research Center, OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Portland, OR 97201, USA; valek@ohsu.edu | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ponce, Andrea N |u Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; aponce4@jhu.edu | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Masoudi Niloufar |u Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; dgilmor7@jhu.edu (D.R.G.); nmassou1@jhmi.edu (N.M.); mspenc35@jhu.edu (M.S.); crifasi@jhu.edu (C.C.) | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Spencer, Michelle |u Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; dgilmor7@jhu.edu (D.R.G.); nmassou1@jhmi.edu (N.M.); mspenc35@jhu.edu (M.S.); crifasi@jhu.edu (C.C.) | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Warren, Tatiana Y |u Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; dr.tati@justtati.com | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Crifasi Cassandra |u Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; dgilmor7@jhu.edu (D.R.G.); nmassou1@jhmi.edu (N.M.); mspenc35@jhu.edu (M.S.); crifasi@jhu.edu (C.C.) | |
| 773 | 0 | |t Social Sciences |g vol. 14, no. 8 (2025), p. 483-507 | |
| 786 | 0 | |d ProQuest |t Social Science Database | |
| 856 | 4 | 1 | |3 Citation/Abstract |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3244060353/abstract/embedded/J7RWLIQ9I3C9JK51?source=fedsrch |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |3 Full Text |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3244060353/fulltext/embedded/J7RWLIQ9I3C9JK51?source=fedsrch |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |3 Full Text - PDF |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3244060353/fulltextPDF/embedded/J7RWLIQ9I3C9JK51?source=fedsrch |