An Open-Source Virtual Reality Traffic Co-Simulation for Enhanced Traffic Safety Assessment

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Publicado en:Applied Sciences vol. 15, no. 17 (2025), p. 9351-9371
Autor principal: Mohammadi, Ahmad
Otros Autores: Cherakkatil Muhammed Shijas Babu, Park, Peter Y, Nourinejad Mehdi, Asgary, Ali
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MDPI AG
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100 1 |a Mohammadi, Ahmad  |u Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; shijas@yorku.ca (M.S.B.C.); mehdi.nourinejad@lassonde.yorku.ca (M.N.) 
245 1 |a An Open-Source Virtual Reality Traffic Co-Simulation for Enhanced Traffic Safety Assessment 
260 |b MDPI AG  |c 2025 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a Transportation safety studies identify and analyze different contributing factors affecting the safety of road users using virtual reality (VR) traffic simulations in game engines (e.g., Unity). They often either use simplified VR traffic simulation or develop a more advanced simulation requiring substantial technical expertise and resources. The Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) software is widely employed in the field, offering extensive traffic simulation rules such as car-following models, lane changing models, and right-of-way rules. In this study, we develop an open-source virtual reality traffic co-simulation by integrating two different simulation software, SUMO and Unity, and developing a virtual reality traffic simulation where a VR user in Unity interacts with traffic generated by SUMO. In our methodology, we first explain the process of creating road networks. Next, we programmatically integrate SUMO and Unity. Finally, we measure how well this system works using two indicators: the real-time factor (RTF) and frames per second (FPS). RTF compares SUMO’s simulation time to Unity’s simulation time each second, while FPS counts how many images Unity draws each second. Our results showed that our proposed VR traffic simulation can create a realistic traffic environment generated by SUMO under various traffic densities. This work offers a new platform for driver-behavior research and digital-twin applications. 
653 |a Software 
653 |a Simulation 
653 |a Programming languages 
653 |a User behavior 
653 |a Infrastructure 
653 |a Sensors 
653 |a Roads & highways 
653 |a Traffic control 
653 |a Questionnaires 
653 |a Speed limits 
653 |a Researchers 
653 |a Python 
653 |a Performance evaluation 
653 |a Workloads 
653 |a Virtual reality 
653 |a Traffic congestion 
653 |a Vehicles 
700 1 |a Cherakkatil Muhammed Shijas Babu  |u Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; shijas@yorku.ca (M.S.B.C.); mehdi.nourinejad@lassonde.yorku.ca (M.N.) 
700 1 |a Park, Peter Y  |u Research, Innovation, Enterprise & Partnerships, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; peter.park@lassonde.yorku.ca 
700 1 |a Nourinejad Mehdi  |u Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; shijas@yorku.ca (M.S.B.C.); mehdi.nourinejad@lassonde.yorku.ca (M.N.) 
700 1 |a Asgary, Ali  |u School of Administrative Studies, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; asgary@yorku.ca 
773 0 |t Applied Sciences  |g vol. 15, no. 17 (2025), p. 9351-9371 
786 0 |d ProQuest  |t Publicly Available Content Database 
856 4 1 |3 Citation/Abstract  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3249675331/abstract/embedded/160PP4OP4BJVV2EV?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text + Graphics  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3249675331/fulltextwithgraphics/embedded/160PP4OP4BJVV2EV?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text - PDF  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3249675331/fulltextPDF/embedded/160PP4OP4BJVV2EV?source=fedsrch