MARC

LEADER 00000nab a2200000uu 4500
001 3254605694
003 UK-CbPIL
022 |a 2076-2607 
024 7 |a 10.3390/microorganisms13092147  |2 doi 
035 |a 3254605694 
045 2 |b d20250101  |b d20251231 
084 |a 231538  |2 nlm 
100 1 |a Cortés Matías  |u Carrera de Biotecnología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile; m.cortes10@ufromail.cl (M.C.); p.olate02@ufromail.cl (P.O.) 
245 1 |a Human Microbiome as an Immunoregulatory Axis: Mechanisms, Dysbiosis, and Therapeutic Modulation 
260 |b MDPI AG  |c 2025 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a The human microbiome plays a central role in modulating the immune system and maintaining immunophysiological homeostasis, contributing to the prevention of immune-mediated diseases. In particular, the gut microbiota is a key ecosystem for immune system maturation, especially in early life. This review aimed to analyze the molecular and cellular mechanisms linking the microbiome to immune and neuronal functions, as well as the impact of dysbiosis and emerging therapeutic strategies targeting the microbiome. The analysis was based on scientific databases, prioritizing studies published since 2000, with special emphasis on the past decade. The microbiome influences immune signaling through microorganism-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Additionally, microbial metabolites—such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan derivatives, and secondary bile acids—exert significant immunomodulatory effects. The intestinal epithelial barrier is also described as an active immunological interface contributing to systemic regulation. The literature highlights innovative therapies, including fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), probiotics, and microbiome editing with CRISPR-Cas technologies. These strategies aim to restore microbial balance and improve immune outcomes. The growing body of evidence positions the microbiome as a valuable clinical and diagnostic target, with significant potential for application in personalized medicine. 
653 |a Physiology 
653 |a Transplants 
653 |a Toll-like receptors 
653 |a Probiotics 
653 |a Immunoregulation 
653 |a CRISPR 
653 |a Immune system 
653 |a Brain research 
653 |a Homeostasis 
653 |a Prebiotics 
653 |a Diet 
653 |a Gastrointestinal tract 
653 |a Skin 
653 |a Bile acids 
653 |a Metabolites 
653 |a Metabolism 
653 |a Inflammation 
653 |a Pattern recognition 
653 |a Microbiomes 
653 |a Tryptophan 
653 |a Microorganisms 
653 |a Feces 
653 |a Autoimmune diseases 
653 |a Antibiotics 
653 |a Dysbacteriosis 
653 |a Digestive system 
653 |a Fecal microflora 
653 |a Urogenital system 
653 |a Pathogens 
653 |a Diabetes 
653 |a Precision medicine 
653 |a Microbiota 
653 |a Immunology 
653 |a Chronic illnesses 
653 |a Immunomodulation 
653 |a Customization 
653 |a Intestine 
653 |a Intestinal microflora 
653 |a Immunity (Disease) 
653 |a Gut microbiota 
653 |a Pattern recognition receptors 
653 |a Well being 
700 1 |a Olate, Paula  |u Carrera de Biotecnología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile; m.cortes10@ufromail.cl (M.C.); p.olate02@ufromail.cl (P.O.) 
700 1 |a Rodriguez, Rodrigo  |u Biocontrol Research Laboratory, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile; r.rodriguez09@ufromail.cl 
700 1 |a Diaz Rommy  |u Centro de Tecnología e Innovación de La Carne, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile; rommy.diaz@ufrontera.cl (R.D.); a.martinez26@ufromail.cl (A.M.); nestor.sepulveda@ufrontera.cl (N.S.) 
700 1 |a Martínez Ailín  |u Centro de Tecnología e Innovación de La Carne, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile; rommy.diaz@ufrontera.cl (R.D.); a.martinez26@ufromail.cl (A.M.); nestor.sepulveda@ufrontera.cl (N.S.) 
700 1 |a Hernández Genisley  |u Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile; genisleyh@gmail.com 
700 1 |a Sepulveda Nestor  |u Centro de Tecnología e Innovación de La Carne, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile; rommy.diaz@ufrontera.cl (R.D.); a.martinez26@ufromail.cl (A.M.); nestor.sepulveda@ufrontera.cl (N.S.) 
700 1 |a Paz, Erwin A  |u UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia; erwin.pazmunoz@uwa.edu.au 
700 1 |a Quiñones, John  |u Centro de Tecnología e Innovación de La Carne, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile; rommy.diaz@ufrontera.cl (R.D.); a.martinez26@ufromail.cl (A.M.); nestor.sepulveda@ufrontera.cl (N.S.) 
773 0 |t Microorganisms  |g vol. 13, no. 9 (2025), p. 2147-2180 
786 0 |d ProQuest  |t Biological Science Database 
856 4 1 |3 Citation/Abstract  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3254605694/abstract/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3254605694/fulltext/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text - PDF  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3254605694/fulltextPDF/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch