Differences in Marine Toxin Poisonings Reported to US Poison Centers After Pandemic Restrictions

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Publicat a:Toxins vol. 17, no. 9 (2025), p. 444-452
Autor principal: Bennett, Baylin J
Altres autors: Hill Cailee, Roland, Hugh B, Backer, Lorraine C, Schnall, Amy H, Gribble, Matthew O
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MDPI AG
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024 7 |a 10.3390/toxins17090444  |2 doi 
035 |a 3254652864 
045 2 |b d20250101  |b d20251231 
084 |a 231638  |2 nlm 
100 1 |a Bennett, Baylin J  |u Department of Medicine, Division of Occupational, Environmental and Climate Medicine, University of California, 490 Illinois Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; matthew.gribble@ucsf.edu 
245 1 |a Differences in Marine Toxin Poisonings Reported to US Poison Centers After Pandemic Restrictions 
260 |b MDPI AG  |c 2025 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a This study investigated whether marine toxin poisonings reported to U.S. Poison Centers changed during the height of the pandemic period (April 2020 to December 2021). The National Poison Data System was queried for single-substance human exposure calls between 1 January 2000 and 31 March 2022 pertaining to ichthyosarcotoxins. Incidence rate ratios for exposure calls were calculated using mixed-effects negative binomial regression. Call counts were aggregated by year and regressed on a binary indicator for occurrence during pandemic restrictions. During the peak pandemic period, exposure calls decreased for several toxins: ciguatera poisoning: 0.57 (0.43, 0.76); clupeotoxic fish poisoning: 0.12 (0.04, 0.39); diarrhetic shellfish poisoning: 0.28 (0.16, 0.49); paralytic shellfish poisoning: 0.23 (0.17, 0.33); scombroid fish poisoning: 0.46 (0.36, 0.57). However, palytoxin poisoning (1.94 (1.32, 2.84)) and tetrodotoxin poisoning (1.73 (1.46, 2.04)) exposure calls appear to have increased. All results were Bonferroni-significant (p ≤ 0.0009). Sensitivity analyses suggest the PLTX increase began prior to pandemic restrictions, whereas the TTX increase appeared to be directly associated with the restrictions. Both men and women reported increases in TTX exposure calls. The TTX increase could be associated with potentially increased participation in outdoor activities, as TTX exposures are linked to amphibia, echinoderms, fish, and mollusks, among other animals. 
651 4 |a United States--US 
653 |a Pandemics 
653 |a Mollusks 
653 |a Toxins 
653 |a Behavior 
653 |a Censuses 
653 |a Paralytic shellfish poisoning 
653 |a Shellfish 
653 |a Investigations 
653 |a Constrictions 
653 |a Trends 
653 |a Sensitivity analysis 
653 |a Estimates 
653 |a Poisoning 
653 |a Data systems 
653 |a Palytoxin 
653 |a Tetrodotoxin 
653 |a Restrictions 
653 |a Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning 
653 |a Exposure 
653 |a Poisons 
653 |a COVID-19 
653 |a Outdoor activities 
653 |a Ciguatera 
653 |a Seafood 
653 |a Fish 
653 |a Social 
700 1 |a Hill Cailee  |u Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA; ssx2@cdc.gov 
700 1 |a Roland, Hugh B  |u Department of Health Policy and Organization, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; hbroland@uab.edu 
700 1 |a Backer, Lorraine C  |u National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; lfb9@cdc.gov (L.C.B.); ghu5@cdc.gov (A.H.S.) 
700 1 |a Schnall, Amy H  |u National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; lfb9@cdc.gov (L.C.B.); ghu5@cdc.gov (A.H.S.) 
700 1 |a Gribble, Matthew O  |u Department of Medicine, Division of Occupational, Environmental and Climate Medicine, University of California, 490 Illinois Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; matthew.gribble@ucsf.edu 
773 0 |t Toxins  |g vol. 17, no. 9 (2025), p. 444-452 
786 0 |d ProQuest  |t Health & Medical Collection 
856 4 1 |3 Citation/Abstract  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3254652864/abstract/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text + Graphics  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3254652864/fulltextwithgraphics/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text - PDF  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3254652864/fulltextPDF/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch