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022 |a 2229-0443 
024 7 |a 10.1186/s40468-025-00393-6  |2 doi 
035 |a 3255890874 
045 2 |b d20251201  |b d20251231 
084 |a 243835  |2 nlm 
100 1 |a Ahmadi Safa, Mohammad  |u Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Islamic Republic of Iran (GRID:grid.411807.b) (ISNI:0000 0000 9828 9578) 
245 1 |a Revised Test Fairness Framework (RTFF): modeling and structure 
260 |b Springer Nature B.V.  |c Dec 2025 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a The last two decades have witnessed a growing interest in the theoretical understanding of test fairness and the intricacies of the concept have led to a heated discussion about its main characteristics, on the one hand, and have called for its reconceptualization on the other hand. As a partial address of the call, this study intended to advance a measurement and structural model of the test fairness concept in the Iranian educational context. A 118-item questionnaire comprising 12 subscales was developed, pilot-tested, and then administered to 600 participants. The reliability indices of the subscales ranged from .87 to .97, and as for the full scale, Cronbach’s Alpha measure of internal consistency turned out to be .98. A set of Exploratory and Confirmatory Factorial Analyses were used to explore the interrelationships among the set of variables and to gauge the construct validity of the scales, with convergent and discriminant validity being ensured. A resulting model with a general higher-order factor (i.e., test fairness) and twelve lower-order factors of validity, construction and structure, administration, scoring, reporting, decision-making, consequences, security, explicitness, accountability, equality, and rights demonstrated the best fit, with the final solution explaining a total of 73.3 percent of the variance. The verified interplay between test fairness and the identified related factors confirmed fairness as a broad concept inclusive of test use validity. This finding entails that fairness as an all-encompassing and broad multi-disciplinary concept (Sen, A. (2009). The idea of justice. Harvard University Press.) might not be confined only to the testing context as is the case with validity. This idea in turn strengthens the idea that validity might possibly be incapable of justifying all intricacies of fairness in general and test fairness in particular. 
610 4 |a Educational Testing Service 
653 |a Educational evaluation 
653 |a Information content 
653 |a Test validity and reliability 
653 |a Equality 
653 |a Learning environment 
653 |a Accountability 
653 |a Validity 
653 |a Educational tests & measurements 
653 |a Measures 
653 |a Reliability 
653 |a Models 
653 |a Fairness 
653 |a Measurement 
653 |a Variables 
653 |a Tests 
653 |a Discriminant validity 
653 |a Decision making 
653 |a Scores 
653 |a Guidelines 
653 |a Standard Setting 
653 |a Literature Reviews 
653 |a Questionnaires 
653 |a Educational Research 
653 |a Standard Setting (Scoring) 
653 |a Language Teachers 
653 |a Measurement Techniques 
653 |a Individual Testing 
653 |a Exhibits 
653 |a Language Tests 
653 |a Comparative Testing 
653 |a Test Construction 
653 |a Test Interpretation 
653 |a Individual Differences 
653 |a Social Environment 
653 |a English Teachers 
653 |a Educational Assessment 
653 |a Educational Testing 
653 |a Test Content 
653 |a Legal Problems 
653 |a Test Bias 
653 |a English 
653 |a Association (Psychology) 
700 1 |a Beheshti, Shima  |u Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Islamic Republic of Iran (GRID:grid.411807.b) (ISNI:0000 0000 9828 9578) 
773 0 |t Language Testing in Asia  |g vol. 15, no. 1 (Dec 2025), p. 54 
786 0 |d ProQuest  |t Education Database 
856 4 1 |3 Citation/Abstract  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3255890874/abstract/embedded/H09TXR3UUZB2ISDL?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3255890874/fulltext/embedded/H09TXR3UUZB2ISDL?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text - PDF  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3255890874/fulltextPDF/embedded/H09TXR3UUZB2ISDL?source=fedsrch