Regulating the Mind: Neuromarketing, Neural Data and Stakeholder Trust Under California’s CCPA

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Wydane w:Administrative Sciences vol. 15, no. 10 (2025), p. 386-416
1. autor: Goncalves, Marcus
Kolejni autorzy: Dangelo, Debra
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MDPI AG
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100 1 |a Goncalves, Marcus 
245 1 |a Regulating the Mind: Neuromarketing, Neural Data and Stakeholder Trust Under California’s CCPA 
260 |b MDPI AG  |c 2025 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a This study investigates how neuromarketing practices intersect with consumer privacy regulation in California, with particular attention to the 2024 Senate Bill 1223 (SB 1223), which amends the CCPA/CPRA to explicitly define “neural data.” By examining corporate strategies and regulatory frameworks, the paper evaluates how firms navigate the tension between innovation, ethics, and consumer protection. A qualitative, multiple-case study approach was adopted, focusing on Coca-Cola, Frito-Lay, and Hyundai. Data were collected from corporate privacy policies, industry publications, and legislative documents, triangulated through doctrinal legal analysis and cross-case synthesis. The analysis reveals that, while companies comply with disclosure, consent, and oversight requirements under the CCPA/CPRA, such compliance remains largely procedural, with transparency often being technical rather than consumer-friendly, consent being insufficiently informed, and protections for vulnerable groups being inconsistently enforced. SB 1223’s recent definition of neural data directly encompasses techniques such as EEG, fMRI, eye-tracking, and biometrics, underscoring the urgent need for firms to treat neuromarketing as a category of regulated practice rather than discretionary innovation. The study is limited by its reliance on publicly available documentation and by the recency of SB 1223, which precludes observation of mature compliance patterns. Future research should explore consumer perceptions, track evolving regulatory responses, and extend the analysis across various sectors, including healthcare, education, and non-profits. This study contributes to theory by extending stakeholder theory to neural data governance and by conceptualizing neuromarketing as a governance-intensive strategic capability situated at the frontier of consumer rights and technological innovation. It contributes to practice by demonstrating how firms can transform compliance with emerging neural data regulations into a strategic capability that strengthens consumer trust, ethical legitimacy, and brand equity. 
610 4 |a European Union 
651 4 |a California 
651 4 |a United States--US 
653 |a Innovations 
653 |a Marketing 
653 |a Competitive advantage 
653 |a Electroencephalography 
653 |a Ethics 
653 |a General Data Protection Regulation 
653 |a Medical imaging 
653 |a Consumer protection 
653 |a Recency 
653 |a Disclosure 
653 |a Transparency 
653 |a Nonprofit organizations 
653 |a Technological change 
653 |a Legitimacy 
653 |a Companies 
653 |a Equity 
653 |a Stakeholders 
653 |a Data 
653 |a Privacy 
653 |a Informed consent 
653 |a Case studies 
653 |a Regulation 
653 |a Compliance 
653 |a Corporate strategies 
653 |a Tracking 
653 |a Documentation 
653 |a Governance 
653 |a Functional magnetic resonance imaging 
653 |a Legislatures 
653 |a Health services 
653 |a Profits 
653 |a Brands 
653 |a Documents 
653 |a Health care 
653 |a Eye movements 
653 |a Eye tracking 
653 |a Biometrics 
700 1 |a Dangelo, Debra 
773 0 |t Administrative Sciences  |g vol. 15, no. 10 (2025), p. 386-416 
786 0 |d ProQuest  |t ABI/INFORM Global 
856 4 1 |3 Citation/Abstract  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3265804944/abstract/embedded/75I98GEZK8WCJMPQ?source=fedsrch 
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856 4 0 |3 Full Text - PDF  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3265804944/fulltextPDF/embedded/75I98GEZK8WCJMPQ?source=fedsrch