Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Azithromycin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Alone and in Combination with Cetirizine Dihydrochloride Against Resistant Isolates of Respiratory Tract Infections

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Publicat a:Antibiotics vol. 14, no. 10 (2025), p. 992-1007
Autor principal: Anwar Umbreen
Altres autors: Sattar Adeel, Rasheed, Muhammad Adil, Shabbir Muhammad Abu Bakr, Mateen, Abbas
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MDPI AG
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LEADER 00000nab a2200000uu 4500
001 3265822420
003 UK-CbPIL
022 |a 2079-6382 
024 7 |a 10.3390/antibiotics14100992  |2 doi 
035 |a 3265822420 
045 2 |b d20250101  |b d20251231 
084 |a 231335  |2 nlm 
100 1 |a Anwar Umbreen  |u Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; umbreen100@gmail.com (U.A.); dr_aadil@uvas.edu.pk (M.A.R.) 
245 1 |a Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Azithromycin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Alone and in Combination with Cetirizine Dihydrochloride Against Resistant Isolates of Respiratory Tract Infections 
260 |b MDPI AG  |c 2025 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a Background/Objectives: Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern, with considerable socio-economic consequences. Researchers are exploring alternative strategies, including nanotechnology, which has shown significance in targeted drug delivery. This study evaluates the synergistic antibacterial activity of azithromycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (AZM-CSNPs) against azithromycin-resistant clinical respiratory isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae). Methods: A total of 87 sputum samples (n = 87) were collected and analyzed. The ermB gene for K. pneumoniae and the ermA gene for MRSA were used to confirm resistant isolates. Among 87 samples, 29 manifested K. pneumoniae, and 32 exhibited MRSA-positive cultures, confirmed through phenotypic and genotypic methods. The RT-PCR is performed by using a cDNA Kit to determine the gene expression. Results: The results elucidate resistance of K. pneumoniae against several antibiotics, including azithromycin (15 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), and amoxicillin (30 µg), while MRSA also showed resistance to cefoxitin (30 µg), azithromycin (15 µg), and gentamycin (10 µg). Reduction in the MIC value of the nanoparticle formulation showed their effectiveness. The AZM-CSNPs combined with cetirizine dihydrochloride helped to down-regulate the resistant genes. Conclusions: Notably, a strong synergistic effect was observed with AZM-CSNPs in combination with cetirizine, significantly enhancing antibacterial efficacy against resistant isolates. 
653 |a Nanoparticles 
653 |a Klebsiella 
653 |a Drug resistance 
653 |a Staphylococcus infections 
653 |a Antibiotics 
653 |a Cetirizine 
653 |a Respiratory tract infection 
653 |a Antiinfectives and antibacterials 
653 |a Gentamicin 
653 |a Chloramphenicol 
653 |a Nanotechnology 
653 |a Gene expression 
653 |a Chitosan 
653 |a Effectiveness 
653 |a Drug delivery 
653 |a Public health 
653 |a Azithromycin 
653 |a ErmA gene 
653 |a Antibiotic resistance 
653 |a Pathogens 
653 |a Antibacterial activity 
653 |a Bacteria 
653 |a Gram-positive bacteria 
653 |a Methicillin 
653 |a Gram-negative bacteria 
653 |a Chloromycetin 
653 |a Pneumonia 
653 |a Cefoxitin 
653 |a Sputum 
653 |a Permeability 
653 |a Nosocomial infections 
653 |a ErmB gene 
653 |a Synergistic effect 
653 |a Respiratory tract 
653 |a Antimicrobial agents 
700 1 |a Sattar Adeel  |u Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; umbreen100@gmail.com (U.A.); dr_aadil@uvas.edu.pk (M.A.R.) 
700 1 |a Rasheed, Muhammad Adil  |u Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; umbreen100@gmail.com (U.A.); dr_aadil@uvas.edu.pk (M.A.R.) 
700 1 |a Shabbir Muhammad Abu Bakr  |u Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; abubakr.shabbir@uvas.edu.pk 
700 1 |a Mateen, Abbas  |u Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; mateen.abbas@uvas.edu.pk 
773 0 |t Antibiotics  |g vol. 14, no. 10 (2025), p. 992-1007 
786 0 |d ProQuest  |t Biological Science Database 
856 4 1 |3 Citation/Abstract  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3265822420/abstract/embedded/Q8Z64E4HU3OH5N8U?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text + Graphics  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3265822420/fulltextwithgraphics/embedded/Q8Z64E4HU3OH5N8U?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text - PDF  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3265822420/fulltextPDF/embedded/Q8Z64E4HU3OH5N8U?source=fedsrch