Automated Detection of Embankment Piping and Leakage Hazards Using UAV Visible Light Imagery: A Frequency-Enhanced Deep Learning Approach for Flood Risk Prevention
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| Publicat a: | Remote Sensing vol. 17, no. 21 (2025), p. 3602-3638 |
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MDPI AG
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| 100 | 1 | |a Liu, Jian |u National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100085, China; liujian23@mails.ucas.ac.cn (J.L.); zhonggenwang@ninhm.ac.cn (Z.W.); ruxinzhao@ninhm.ac.cn (R.Z.); qianlinzhang@ninhm.ac.cn (Q.Z.) | |
| 245 | 1 | |a Automated Detection of Embankment Piping and Leakage Hazards Using UAV Visible Light Imagery: A Frequency-Enhanced Deep Learning Approach for Flood Risk Prevention | |
| 260 | |b MDPI AG |c 2025 | ||
| 513 | |a Journal Article | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a <sec sec-type="highlights"> What are the main findings? <list list-type="bullet"> <list-item> </list-item>EmbFreq-Net achieves 77.68% mAP@0.5 for embankment hazard detection, outperforming the baseline by 4.19 percentage points while reducing computational cost by 27.0% and parameters by 21.7%. <list-item> Frequency-domain dynamic convolution enhances detection sensitivity to subtle piping and leakage textural features by 23.4% compared to conventional spatial convolution methods. </list-item> What is the implication of the main findings? <list list-type="bullet"> <list-item> </list-item>Edge computing deployment enables real-time monitoring and early warning systems, facilitating rapid on-site verification by personnel and supporting timely emergency decision-making for embankment safety management. <list-item> The 23.4% improvement in detecting subtle piping and leakage textural features provides a cost-effective and more accurate embankment detection algorithm, promoting widespread adoption and better supporting emergency decision-making processes. </list-item> Embankment piping and leakage are primary causes of flood control infrastructure failure, accounting for more than 90% of embankment failures worldwide and posing significant threats to public safety and economic stability. Current manual inspection methods are labor-intensive, hazardous, and inadequate for emergency flood season monitoring, while existing automated approaches using thermal infrared imaging face limitations in cost, weather dependency, and deployment flexibility. This study addresses the critical scientific challenge of developing reliable, cost-effective automated detection systems for embankment safety monitoring using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based visible light imagery. The fundamental problem lies in extracting subtle textural signatures of piping and leakage from complex embankment surface patterns under varying environmental conditions. To solve this challenge, we propose the Embankment-Frequency Network (EmbFreq-Net), a frequency-enhanced deep learning framework that leverages frequency-domain analysis to amplify hazard-related features while suppressing environmental noise. The architecture integrates dynamic frequency-domain feature extraction, multi-scale attention mechanisms, and lightweight design principles to achieve real-time detection capabilities suitable for emergency deployment and edge computing applications. This approach transforms traditional post-processing workflows into an efficient real-time edge computing solution, significantly improving computational efficiency and enabling immediate on-site hazard assessment. Comprehensive evaluations on a specialized embankment hazard dataset demonstrate that EmbFreq-Net achieves 77.68% mAP@0.5, representing a 4.19 percentage point improvement over state-of-the-art methods, while reducing computational requirements by 27.0% (4.6 vs. 6.3 Giga Floating-Point Operations (GFLOPs)) and model parameters by 21.7% (2.02M vs. 2.58M). These results demonstrate the method’s potential for transforming embankment safety monitoring from reactive manual inspection to proactive automated surveillance, thereby contributing to enhanced flood risk management and infrastructure resilience. | |
| 653 | |a Feature extraction | ||
| 653 | |a Warning systems | ||
| 653 | |a Datasets | ||
| 653 | |a Early warning systems | ||
| 653 | |a Infrastructure | ||
| 653 | |a Convolution | ||
| 653 | |a Flood control | ||
| 653 | |a Edge computing | ||
| 653 | |a Computer applications | ||
| 653 | |a Machine learning | ||
| 653 | |a Efficiency | ||
| 653 | |a Background noise | ||
| 653 | |a Remote sensing | ||
| 653 | |a Fourier transforms | ||
| 653 | |a Decision making | ||
| 653 | |a Leakage | ||
| 653 | |a Computational efficiency | ||
| 653 | |a Emergency communications systems | ||
| 653 | |a Risk management | ||
| 653 | |a Algorithms | ||
| 653 | |a Embankments | ||
| 653 | |a Accuracy | ||
| 653 | |a Flood management | ||
| 653 | |a Deep learning | ||
| 653 | |a Inspection | ||
| 653 | |a Parameter sensitivity | ||
| 653 | |a Safety | ||
| 653 | |a Environmental conditions | ||
| 653 | |a Environmental risk | ||
| 653 | |a Public safety | ||
| 653 | |a Monitoring | ||
| 653 | |a Floating point arithmetic | ||
| 653 | |a Floods | ||
| 653 | |a Cost effectiveness | ||
| 653 | |a Infrared imaging | ||
| 653 | |a Safety management | ||
| 653 | |a Unmanned aerial vehicles | ||
| 653 | |a Frequency domain analysis | ||
| 653 | |a Computing costs | ||
| 653 | |a Design | ||
| 653 | |a Light | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Wang, Zhonggen |u National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100085, China; liujian23@mails.ucas.ac.cn (J.L.); zhonggenwang@ninhm.ac.cn (Z.W.); ruxinzhao@ninhm.ac.cn (R.Z.); qianlinzhang@ninhm.ac.cn (Q.Z.) | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Li, Renzhi |u National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100085, China; liujian23@mails.ucas.ac.cn (J.L.); zhonggenwang@ninhm.ac.cn (Z.W.); ruxinzhao@ninhm.ac.cn (R.Z.); qianlinzhang@ninhm.ac.cn (Q.Z.) | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Zhao Ruxin |u National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100085, China; liujian23@mails.ucas.ac.cn (J.L.); zhonggenwang@ninhm.ac.cn (Z.W.); ruxinzhao@ninhm.ac.cn (R.Z.); qianlinzhang@ninhm.ac.cn (Q.Z.) | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Zhang Qianlin |u National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100085, China; liujian23@mails.ucas.ac.cn (J.L.); zhonggenwang@ninhm.ac.cn (Z.W.); ruxinzhao@ninhm.ac.cn (R.Z.); qianlinzhang@ninhm.ac.cn (Q.Z.) | |
| 773 | 0 | |t Remote Sensing |g vol. 17, no. 21 (2025), p. 3602-3638 | |
| 786 | 0 | |d ProQuest |t Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database | |
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