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022 |a 1664-3224 
024 7 |a 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1540199  |2 doi 
035 |a 3278264270 
045 2 |b d20250201  |b d20250228 
100 1 |a Zhang, Xu  |u Xu Zhang [AFFILIATION="Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration 
245 1 |a Unraveling the immune system’s role in peripheral nerve regeneration: a pathway to enhanced healing 
260 |b Frontiers Media SA  |c Feb 2025 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) represents a common challenge in clinical practice. In contrast to the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in mature mammals possesses a limited regenerative capacity. Upon the occurrence of PNI, peripheral nerve regeneration (PNR) is initiated, facilitated by the activation of the immune microenvironment and the intrinsic growth potential of neurons. This regenerative process encompasses several key stages, including distal axon degeneration, myelin breakdown, clearance of myelin debris, inflammatory responses from non-neuronal cells, and subsequent axonal regeneration. The immune response, recognized for its role in clearing myelin debris and modulating the local inflammatory milieu, is crucial for initiating axonal regeneration at the proximal stump of nerves. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms by which the immune response influences PNI and the strategies to harness this process to augment regeneration remain elusive. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse roles and mechanisms of the immune system in PNR and presents insights into potential therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, the article examines immune-associated signaling pathways and their impact on PNR, underscoring the significance of immune modulation in enhancing patient outcomes with PNI. Ultimately, it encapsulates and forecasts the theoretical and practical directions of this field. 
653 |a Growth factors 
653 |a Myelin 
653 |a Neurons 
653 |a Immune clearance 
653 |a Immunity (Disease) 
653 |a Peripheral nerves 
653 |a Immune system 
653 |a Cytokines 
653 |a Immune response 
653 |a Injuries 
653 |a Regeneration 
653 |a Extracellular matrix 
653 |a Immunomodulation 
653 |a Tumor necrosis factor-TNF 
653 |a Nervous system 
653 |a Recruitment 
653 |a Microenvironments 
653 |a Central nervous system 
653 |a Brain-derived neurotrophic factor 
653 |a Genotype & phenotype 
653 |a Wound healing 
653 |a Inflammation 
700 1 |a Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University 
700 1 |a School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases 
700 1 |a Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China, Clinical Medical Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi No.2 Peolpe’s Hospital, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, China"] 
700 1 |a Zhang, Yanxian  |u Yanxian Zhang [AFFILIATION="Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration 
700 1 |a Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China"] 
700 1 |a Chen, Yuqing  |u Yuqing Chen [AFFILIATION="Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration 
700 1 |a Ji, Yuxiang  |u Yuxiang Ji [AFFILIATION="Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration 
700 1 |a Lyu, Yongmei  |u School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China 
700 1 |a Miao, Zengli  |u Clinical Medical Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi No.2 Peolpe’s Hospital, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, China 
700 1 |a Duan, Xuchu  |u Xuchu Duan [AFFILIATION="Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration 
700 1 |a Liu, Xiaoyu  |u Xiaoyu Liu [AFFILIATION="Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration 
773 0 |t Frontiers in Immunology  |g vol. 16 (Feb 2025), p. 1540199-1540211 
786 0 |d ProQuest  |t Health & Medical Collection 
856 4 1 |3 Citation/Abstract  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3278264270/abstract/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3278264270/fulltext/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text - PDF  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3278264270/fulltextPDF/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch