Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma: A Focus on PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors
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| Publicado en: | Cancers vol. 17, no. 23 (2025), p. 3777-3796 |
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| Autor principal: | |
| Otros Autores: | , , , |
| Publicado: |
MDPI AG
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Citation/Abstract Full Text + Graphics Full Text - PDF |
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| 001 | 3280945585 | ||
| 003 | UK-CbPIL | ||
| 022 | |a 2072-6694 | ||
| 024 | 7 | |a 10.3390/cancers17233777 |2 doi | |
| 035 | |a 3280945585 | ||
| 045 | 2 | |b d20250101 |b d20251231 | |
| 084 | |a 231438 |2 nlm | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Zoi Vasiliki |u Neurosurgical Institute, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece | |
| 245 | 1 | |a Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma: A Focus on PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors | |
| 260 | |b MDPI AG |c 2025 | ||
| 513 | |a Journal Article | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal type of tumor of the central nervous system, with an average survival of 15 months after first diagnosis. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been largely investigated for their ability to harness the immune system to combat tumors. However, their efficacy varies a lot depending on tumor type. In glioblastoma, PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy has been explored in various studies; however, the unique immunosuppressive environment in the brain and the presence of the blood–brain barrier as well as the large intratumoral heterogeneity have limited its efficacy considerably. In order to improve the clinical efficacy of ICIs, it is important to delve into the different factors affecting the response rate in GBM. Herewith, we summarize the most common causes of resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy as well as possible ways of enhancing its efficacy, particularly through combination with other therapeutic agents in the preclinical and clinical setting. Furthermore, we provide an insight into the most promising methods for modulating the blood–brain barrier, as well as the growing role of molecular imaging and radiogenomics in this field. | |
| 653 | |a Immune checkpoint inhibitors | ||
| 653 | |a PD-L1 protein | ||
| 653 | |a Glioblastoma | ||
| 653 | |a Chemokines | ||
| 653 | |a Vascular endothelial growth factor | ||
| 653 | |a Neutrophils | ||
| 653 | |a Immunotherapy | ||
| 653 | |a Cytotoxicity | ||
| 653 | |a Cytokines | ||
| 653 | |a Glioma | ||
| 653 | |a Hypoxia | ||
| 653 | |a Tumors | ||
| 653 | |a Immune system | ||
| 653 | |a Central nervous system | ||
| 653 | |a Angiogenesis | ||
| 653 | |a T cell receptors | ||
| 653 | |a Dendritic cells | ||
| 653 | |a Medical prognosis | ||
| 653 | |a Blood-brain barrier | ||
| 653 | |a Permeability | ||
| 653 | |a Immune response | ||
| 653 | |a Lymphocytes | ||
| 653 | |a Nervous system | ||
| 653 | |a PD-1 protein | ||
| 653 | |a Antigens | ||
| 653 | |a Neuroimaging | ||
| 653 | |a Metabolites | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Galani Vasiliki |u Department of Anatomy Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Sioka Chrissa |u Neurosurgical Institute, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Alexiou, Georgios A |u Neurosurgical Institute, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kyritsis, Athanassios P |u Neurosurgical Institute, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece | |
| 773 | 0 | |t Cancers |g vol. 17, no. 23 (2025), p. 3777-3796 | |
| 786 | 0 | |d ProQuest |t Biological Science Database | |
| 856 | 4 | 1 | |3 Citation/Abstract |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3280945585/abstract/embedded/75I98GEZK8WCJMPQ?source=fedsrch |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |3 Full Text + Graphics |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3280945585/fulltextwithgraphics/embedded/75I98GEZK8WCJMPQ?source=fedsrch |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |3 Full Text - PDF |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3280945585/fulltextPDF/embedded/75I98GEZK8WCJMPQ?source=fedsrch |