Development and Characterization of a Biodegradable Radiopaque PLA/Gd2O3 Filament for Bone-Equivalent Phantom Produced via Fused Filament Fabrication
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| Publicado en: | Polymers vol. 17, no. 23 (2025), p. 3193-3211 |
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| Autor principal: | |
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MDPI AG
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| Acceso en línea: | Citation/Abstract Full Text + Graphics Full Text - PDF |
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| 003 | UK-CbPIL | ||
| 022 | |a 2073-4360 | ||
| 024 | 7 | |a 10.3390/polym17233193 |2 doi | |
| 035 | |a 3280959732 | ||
| 045 | 2 | |b d20250101 |b d20251231 | |
| 084 | |a 231552 |2 nlm | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Özmen Özkan |u Department of Industrial Design Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Türkiye | |
| 245 | 1 | |a Development and Characterization of a Biodegradable Radiopaque PLA/Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Filament for Bone-Equivalent Phantom Produced via Fused Filament Fabrication | |
| 260 | |b MDPI AG |c 2025 | ||
| 513 | |a Journal Article | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a Additive manufacturing (AM) has rapidly evolved due to its design flexibility, ability to enable personalized fabrication, and reduced material waste. In the medical field, fused filament fabrication (FFF) facilitates the production of individualized anatomical models for surgical preparation, education, medical imaging, and calibration. However, the lack of filaments with X-ray attenuation similar to that of biological hard tissues limits their use in radiological imaging. To address this limitation, a radiopaque filament was developed by incorporating gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) into a biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix at 1, 3, and 5 wt.%. Thermal and rheological properties were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and melt flow index (MFI) analyses, revealing minor variations that did not affect printability under standard FFF conditions (200 °C nozzle, 60 °C build plate, 0.12 mm layer height). Microstructural analysis via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), elemental mapping, and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) confirmed homogeneous Gd2O3 dispersion without nozzle blockage. Radiopacity was evaluated using gyroid infill cubes, and increasing Gd2O3 content enhanced X-ray attenuation, with 3 wt.% Gd2O3 reaching Hounsfield Unit (HU) values comparable to cortical bone. Finally, the L1 vertebra phantom fabricated from the 3 wt.% Gd2O3 filament exhibited mean HU values of approximately +200 to +250 HU at 50% infill density (trabecular bone region) and around +1000 HU at 100% infill density (cortical bone region), demonstrating the filament’s potential for producing cost-effective, radiopaque, and biodegradable phantoms for computed tomography (CT) imaging. | |
| 653 | |a Vertebrae | ||
| 653 | |a Barium | ||
| 653 | |a Gadolinium | ||
| 653 | |a Nozzles | ||
| 653 | |a Fused deposition modeling | ||
| 653 | |a Tomography | ||
| 653 | |a Microstructural analysis | ||
| 653 | |a Filaments | ||
| 653 | |a Radiopacity | ||
| 653 | |a Thermogravimetric analysis | ||
| 653 | |a Ratios | ||
| 653 | |a Medical materials | ||
| 653 | |a Gadolinium oxides | ||
| 653 | |a Medical imaging | ||
| 653 | |a Bones | ||
| 653 | |a Copper | ||
| 653 | |a Polylactic acid | ||
| 653 | |a Melt flow index | ||
| 653 | |a Density | ||
| 653 | |a Gadolinium oxide | ||
| 653 | |a Cubes | ||
| 653 | |a Additive manufacturing | ||
| 653 | |a Redevelopment | ||
| 653 | |a Medical wastes | ||
| 653 | |a Spectrum analysis | ||
| 653 | |a Attenuation | ||
| 653 | |a Computed tomography | ||
| 653 | |a Rheological properties | ||
| 653 | |a 3-D printers | ||
| 653 | |a Field emission microscopy | ||
| 653 | |a Tissues | ||
| 653 | |a X-rays | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Sena, Dursun |u Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Industrial Design Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Türkiye; sena3dursun@gmail.com | |
| 773 | 0 | |t Polymers |g vol. 17, no. 23 (2025), p. 3193-3211 | |
| 786 | 0 | |d ProQuest |t Materials Science Database | |
| 856 | 4 | 1 | |3 Citation/Abstract |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3280959732/abstract/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |3 Full Text + Graphics |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3280959732/fulltextwithgraphics/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |3 Full Text - PDF |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3280959732/fulltextPDF/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch |