Incentivizing Sustainability or Intensification? Evaluating the Impact of Pakistan's Kissan Card Subsidy on Farming Practices

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Publicat a:Food and Energy Security vol. 14, no. 6 (Nov/Dec 2025)
Autor principal: Jabbar, Awais
Altres autors: Ye, Tian, Huang, Jin, Zhang, Jian, Liu, Wei, Wu, Qun, Ketema, Haile, Peng, Jianchao
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John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Accés en línia:Citation/Abstract
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024 7 |a 10.1002/fes3.70175  |2 doi 
035 |a 3283137339 
045 2 |b d20251101  |b d20251231 
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100 1 |a Jabbar, Awais  |u Management Science and Engineering Post‐Doctoral Research Station, School of Economics and Management, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China 
245 1 |a Incentivizing Sustainability or Intensification? Evaluating the Impact of Pakistan's Kissan Card Subsidy on Farming Practices 
260 |b John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  |c Nov/Dec 2025 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a ABSTRACT In the wake of mounting environmental pressures and growing demands for food security, agricultural subsidy programs have emerged as critical policy tools in developing countries. In Pakistan, the Kissan Card Subsidy Program (KCSP) represents a key government effort to modernize agriculture and improve farmer welfare. Against this context, the current study investigates the determinants and impacts of farmers' participation in the Kissan Card program in Punjab, with a particular focus on its influence on the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs). Employing a two‐stage recursive bivariate probit (RBP) approach, the analysis first identifies key drivers of subsidy participation, highlighting the pivotal role of access to digital tools and targeted support services. Farmers equipped with Information and Communication Technology (ICT) resources and guided assistance are significantly more likely to engage in the program, whereas off‐farm participants and tenant farmers remain less likely to benefit due to time, financial, and tenure constraints. In the second stage, the study uncovers a nuanced pattern: participation in the subsidy program substantially increases adoption of improved stress‐tolerant high‐yield crop varieties (STV) but reduces uptake of integrated pest management (IPM) and organic manuring (OM). This dual effect indicates that while the program alleviates liquidity constraints and facilitates modern input adoption, it may inadvertently promote input‐intensive practices at the expense of long‐term ecological sustainability. The findings underscore the need for more inclusive and sustainability‐oriented subsidy frameworks, including expanded digital infrastructure and targeted financial and technical support for ecological practices. Although limited by the cross‐sectional design, the study provides important insights into the behavioral and systemic impacts of agricultural subsidies, highlighting the challenge of aligning short‐term productivity gains with long‐term environmental stewardship. 
610 4 |a Republican Party 
651 4 |a Pakistan 
651 4 |a United States--US 
653 |a Subsidies 
653 |a Food security 
653 |a Developing countries 
653 |a Collaboration 
653 |a Food 
653 |a Sustainability 
653 |a Financial inclusion 
653 |a Agricultural practices 
653 |a Communication technology 
653 |a Support services 
653 |a Pest control 
653 |a Registration 
653 |a Developing countries--LDCs 
653 |a Sustainable practices 
653 |a Agriculture 
653 |a Modernization 
653 |a Environmental stewardship 
653 |a Farmers 
653 |a Integrated pest management 
653 |a Liquidity 
653 |a Pesticides 
653 |a Farm tenancy 
653 |a Fertilizers 
653 |a Seeds 
653 |a Agricultural subsidies 
653 |a Agricultural management 
653 |a Sustainable agriculture 
653 |a Constraints 
653 |a Stewardship 
653 |a Information technology 
653 |a Bivariate analysis 
653 |a Economic 
700 1 |a Ye, Tian  |u Management Science and Engineering Post‐Doctoral Research Station, School of Economics and Management, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China 
700 1 |a Huang, Jin  |u Management Science and Engineering Post‐Doctoral Research Station, School of Economics and Management, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China 
700 1 |a Zhang, Jian  |u China Research Center on Urban Resource‐Based Transformation and Rural Revitalization, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China 
700 1 |a Liu, Wei  |u College of Economics and Management, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China 
700 1 |a Wu, Qun  |u College of Land Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China 
700 1 |a Ketema, Haile  |u Department of Natural Resource Management, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia 
700 1 |a Peng, Jianchao  |u College of Land Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China 
773 0 |t Food and Energy Security  |g vol. 14, no. 6 (Nov/Dec 2025) 
786 0 |d ProQuest  |t Agriculture Science Database 
856 4 1 |3 Citation/Abstract  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3283137339/abstract/embedded/6A8EOT78XXH2IG52?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3283137339/fulltext/embedded/6A8EOT78XXH2IG52?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text - PDF  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3283137339/fulltextPDF/embedded/6A8EOT78XXH2IG52?source=fedsrch