Optimising Ventilation in Kindergartens Through a Dual‐Indicator Framework Based on Carbon Dioxide and Radon for IAQ Assessment
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| Published in: | Indoor Air vol. 2025, no. 1 (2025) |
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John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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| Online Access: | Citation/Abstract Full Text Full Text - PDF |
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| 024 | 7 | |a 10.1155/ina/7596341 |2 doi | |
| 035 | |a 3284363270 | ||
| 045 | 2 | |b d20250101 |b d20251231 | |
| 084 | |a 110718 |2 nlm | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Dovjak, Mateja |u Chair of Buildings and Constructional Complexes, , Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, , University of Ljubljana, , Ljubljana, , Slovenia, <url href="http://uni-lj.si">uni-lj.si</url> | |
| 245 | 1 | |a Optimising Ventilation in Kindergartens Through a Dual‐Indicator Framework Based on Carbon Dioxide and Radon for IAQ Assessment | |
| 260 | |b John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |c 2025 | ||
| 513 | |a Journal Article | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a Maintaining acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ) in kindergartens is essential for children′s health, cognitive development and staff well‐being, yet it remains a persistent challenge. This study introduces an innovative dual‐indicator framework for IAQ assessment that combines real‐time monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO2) and radon (Rn) with simulation‐based modelling to evaluate and optimise ventilation strategies. Unlike CO2 alone, which only indicates conditions during occupancy, Rn monitoring captures conditions before and at the start of occupancy, providing a more comprehensive assessment. Measurements were conducted for several months in two playrooms: P1, a modular steel unit with natural ventilation, and P2, a concrete structure with hybrid ventilation. During occupancy, CO2 levels frequently exceeded health‐based thresholds (405−2725 ppm, mean 1266 ± 537 ppm in P1; 405−1910 ppm, mean 865 ± 304 ppm in P2). Rn concentrations were highest before occupancy and declined gradually in the morning (2–386 Bq m−3, mean 99 ± 62 Bq m−3 in P1; 2–304 Bq m−3, mean 59 ± 49 Bq m−3 in P2), reflecting differences in airtightness and ventilation efficiency. Simulations categorised IAQ into four levels, with Category I representing optimal conditions. P2 achieved Category I or II for 59% of the time, compared to 28% in P1. Two advanced ventilation strategies were then simulated: constant air volume (CAV) and demand‐controlled ventilation (DCV). Both reduced CO2 and Rn below recommended thresholds, while DCV provided greater adaptability and achieved 17% lower ventilation heat losses than CAV. These results demonstrate the value of integrating dual‐indicator monitoring with simulation tools to support data‐driven, energy‐efficient and health‐focused ventilation strategies in early childhood environments. | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Europe | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Slovenia | |
| 653 | |a Indoor air quality | ||
| 653 | |a Volatile organic compounds--VOCs | ||
| 653 | |a Pollutants | ||
| 653 | |a Green buildings | ||
| 653 | |a Ventilation | ||
| 653 | |a Radon | ||
| 653 | |a Concrete structures | ||
| 653 | |a Air quality | ||
| 653 | |a Carbon dioxide | ||
| 653 | |a Respiration | ||
| 653 | |a Efficiency | ||
| 653 | |a Thresholds | ||
| 653 | |a Simulation | ||
| 653 | |a Indoor environments | ||
| 653 | |a Classrooms | ||
| 653 | |a Kindergarten | ||
| 653 | |a Schools | ||
| 653 | |a Children | ||
| 653 | |a Public buildings | ||
| 653 | |a Optimization | ||
| 653 | |a Design | ||
| 653 | |a Intellectual development | ||
| 653 | |a Airtightness | ||
| 653 | |a Modular units | ||
| 653 | |a Modular structures | ||
| 653 | |a Economic | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Vaupotič, Janja |u Department of Environmental Sciences, , Jožef Stefan Institute, , Ljubljana, , Slovenia, <url href="http://ijs.si">ijs.si</url> | |
| 773 | 0 | |t Indoor Air |g vol. 2025, no. 1 (2025) | |
| 786 | 0 | |d ProQuest |t Public Health Database | |
| 856 | 4 | 1 | |3 Citation/Abstract |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3284363270/abstract/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |3 Full Text |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3284363270/fulltext/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |3 Full Text - PDF |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3284363270/fulltextPDF/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch |