Tracking Control of Quadrotor Micro Aerial Vehicles Using Efficient Nonlinear Model Predictive Control with C/GMRES Optimization on Resource-Constrained Microcontrollers

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מידע ביבליוגרפי
הוצא לאור ב:Electronics vol. 14, no. 14 (2025), p. 2775-2797
מחבר ראשי: Dong-Min, Lee
מחברים אחרים: Jae-Hong, Jung, Yeon-Su, Sim, Gi-Woo, Kim
יצא לאור:
MDPI AG
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024 7 |a 10.3390/electronics14142775  |2 doi 
035 |a 3233143233 
045 2 |b d20250101  |b d20251231 
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100 1 |a Dong-Min, Lee  |u Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea 
245 1 |a Tracking Control of Quadrotor Micro Aerial Vehicles Using Efficient Nonlinear Model Predictive Control with C/GMRES Optimization on Resource-Constrained Microcontrollers 
260 |b MDPI AG  |c 2025 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a This study investigates the tracking control of quadrotor micro aerial vehicles using nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC), with primary emphasis on the implementation of a real-time embedded control system. Apart from the limited memory size, one of the critical challenges is the limited processor speed on resource-constrained microcontroller units (MCUs). This technical issue becomes critical particularly when the maximum allowed computation time for real-time control exceeds 0.01 s, which is the typical sampling time required to ensure reliable control performance. To reduce the computational burden for NMPC, we first derive a nonlinear quadrotor model based on the quaternion number system rather than formulating nonlinear equations using conventional Euler angles. In addition, an implicit continuation generalized minimum residual optimization algorithm is designed for the fast computation of the optimal receding horizon control input. The proposed NMPC is extensively validated through rigorous simulations and experimental trials using Crazyflie 2.1®, an open-source flying development platform. Owing to the more precise prediction of the highly nonlinear quadrotor model, the proposed NMPC demonstrates that the tracking performance outperforms that of conventional linear MPCs. This study provides a basis and comprehensive guidelines for implementing the NMPC of nonlinear quadrotors on resource-constrained MCUs, with potential extensions to applications such as autonomous flight and obstacle avoidance. 
653 |a Microcontrollers 
653 |a Computation 
653 |a Robust control 
653 |a Embedded systems 
653 |a Control algorithms 
653 |a Remote control 
653 |a Number systems 
653 |a Tracking control 
653 |a Microprocessors 
653 |a Optimization 
653 |a Neural networks 
653 |a Predictive control 
653 |a Unmanned aerial vehicles 
653 |a Methods 
653 |a Euler angles 
653 |a Rotary wing aircraft 
653 |a Nonlinear control 
653 |a Real time 
653 |a Micro air vehicles (MAV) 
653 |a Nonlinear equations 
653 |a Constraints 
653 |a Obstacle avoidance 
700 1 |a Jae-Hong, Jung  |u Department of Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea 
700 1 |a Yeon-Su, Sim  |u Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea 
700 1 |a Gi-Woo, Kim  |u Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea 
773 0 |t Electronics  |g vol. 14, no. 14 (2025), p. 2775-2797 
786 0 |d ProQuest  |t Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database 
856 4 1 |3 Citation/Abstract  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3233143233/abstract/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text + Graphics  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3233143233/fulltextwithgraphics/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text - PDF  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3233143233/fulltextPDF/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch