Multifactorial Evaluation of Honey from Pakistan: Essential Minerals, Antioxidant Potential, and Toxic Metal Contamination with Relevance to Human Health Risk
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| Publicado en: | Foods vol. 14, no. 14 (2025), p. 2493-2516 |
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| Autor principal: | |
| Otros Autores: | , , , , , , , , |
| Publicado: |
MDPI AG
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| Acceso en línea: | Citation/Abstract Full Text + Graphics Full Text - PDF |
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MARC
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|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | 3233195464 | ||
| 003 | UK-CbPIL | ||
| 022 | |a 2304-8158 | ||
| 024 | 7 | |a 10.3390/foods14142493 |2 doi | |
| 035 | |a 3233195464 | ||
| 045 | 2 | |b d20250715 |b d20250731 | |
| 084 | |a 231462 |2 nlm | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Sana |u Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan; sanarajput1216@gmail.com (S.); mianwaqar79@yahoo.com (W.A.); sajjadchemist@uog.edu.pk (S.H.S.) | |
| 245 | 1 | |a Multifactorial Evaluation of Honey from Pakistan: Essential Minerals, Antioxidant Potential, and Toxic Metal Contamination with Relevance to Human Health Risk | |
| 260 | |b MDPI AG |c 2025 | ||
| 513 | |a Journal Article | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a Honey is prized for its nutritional and healing properties, but its quality can be affected by contamination with toxic elements. This study evaluates the nutritional value and health risks of fifteen honey samples from different agro-climatic regions of Pakistan. Physicochemical properties such as color, pH, electrical conductivity, moisture, ash, and solids content were within acceptable ranges. ICP-OES analysis was used to assess six essential minerals and ten toxic metals. Except for slightly elevated boron levels (up to 0.18 mg/kg), all elements were within safe limits, with potassium reaching up to 1018 mg/kg. Human health risk assessments—including Average Daily Dose of Ingestion, Total Hazard Quotient, and Carcinogenic Risk—indicated no carcinogenic threats for adults or children, despite some elevated metal levels. Antioxidant activity, measured through total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH radical scavenging assays, showed that darker honeys had stronger antioxidant properties. While the overall quality of honey samples was satisfactory, significant variations (p ≤ 0.05) were observed across different regions. These differences are attributed to diverse agro-climatic conditions and production sources. The findings highlight the need for continued monitoring to ensure honey safety and nutritional quality. | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Pakistan | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Spain | |
| 651 | 4 | |a United States--US | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Romania | |
| 651 | 4 | |a India | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Germany | |
| 651 | 4 | |a China | |
| 653 | |a Minerals | ||
| 653 | |a Honey | ||
| 653 | |a Food contamination & poisoning | ||
| 653 | |a Flowers & plants | ||
| 653 | |a Physicochemical properties | ||
| 653 | |a Carcinogens | ||
| 653 | |a Boron | ||
| 653 | |a Metal concentrations | ||
| 653 | |a Nutritive value | ||
| 653 | |a Electrical resistivity | ||
| 653 | |a Antioxidants | ||
| 653 | |a Contamination | ||
| 653 | |a Risk assessment | ||
| 653 | |a Bees | ||
| 653 | |a Ingestion | ||
| 653 | |a Evaluation | ||
| 653 | |a Scavenging | ||
| 653 | |a Quality standards | ||
| 653 | |a Climatic conditions | ||
| 653 | |a Environmental conditions | ||
| 653 | |a Metals | ||
| 653 | |a Heavy metals | ||
| 653 | |a Health risk assessment | ||
| 653 | |a Functional foods & nutraceuticals | ||
| 653 | |a Electrical conductivity | ||
| 653 | |a Natural products | ||
| 653 | |a Phenolic compounds | ||
| 653 | |a Health risks | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Ahmad, Waqar |u Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan; sanarajput1216@gmail.com (S.); mianwaqar79@yahoo.com (W.A.); sajjadchemist@uog.edu.pk (S.H.S.) | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Farooq, Anwar |u Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan; farooq.anwar@uos.edu.pk | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hammad, Ismail |u Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan; hammad.ismail@uog.edu.pk | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Mujahid, Farid |u Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan; mujahid.frid@uog.edu.pk | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ayub, Muhammad Adnan |u Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, 57000 Sahiwal, Pakistan; adnanayub@uosahiwal.edu.pk | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Sumrra Sajjad Hussain |u Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan; sanarajput1216@gmail.com (S.); mianwaqar79@yahoo.com (W.A.); sajjadchemist@uog.edu.pk (S.H.S.) | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Emenike Chijioke |u Department of Plant, Food & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; chijioke.emenike@dal.ca | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Starowicz Małgorzata |u Team of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of PAS, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Zubair Muhammad |u Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan; sanarajput1216@gmail.com (S.); mianwaqar79@yahoo.com (W.A.); sajjadchemist@uog.edu.pk (S.H.S.) | |
| 773 | 0 | |t Foods |g vol. 14, no. 14 (2025), p. 2493-2516 | |
| 786 | 0 | |d ProQuest |t Agriculture Science Database | |
| 856 | 4 | 1 | |3 Citation/Abstract |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3233195464/abstract/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |3 Full Text + Graphics |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3233195464/fulltextwithgraphics/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |3 Full Text - PDF |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3233195464/fulltextPDF/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch |