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Saxitoxin: A Comprehensive Review of Its History, Structure, Toxicology, Biosynthesis, Detection, and Preventive Implications

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Publicado en:Marine Drugs vol. 23, no. 7 (2025), p. 277-303
Autor principal: Deng Huiyun
Otros Autores: Shang Xinrui, Hu, Zhu, Huang, Ning, Wang Lianghua, Sun Mingjuan
Publicado:
MDPI AG
Materias:
Environmental Protection Agency > EPA
Paralytic shellfish poisoning
Shellfish
Algal blooms
Food safety
Biosynthesis
Brackish water
Inland water environment
Acute toxicity
Public health
Sodium
Ecosystem integrity
Marine ecosystems
Cyanobacteria
Toxins
Toxicology
Paralysis
Eutrophication
Poisoning
Algae
Nerves
Channel gating
Saxitoxin
Health risks
Sodium channels (voltage-gated)
Toxicity
Nuclear magnetic resonance > NMR
Molecular structure
Drug dosages
Oxidation
Solvents
Freshwater
Dinoflagellates
Environmental
Acceso en línea:Citation/Abstract
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Resumen:Saxitoxin (STX) is a potent toxin produced by marine dinoflagellates and freshwater or brackish water cyanobacteria, and is a member of the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). As a highly specific blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs), STX blocks sodium ion influx, thereby inhibiting nerve impulse transmission and leading to systemic physiological dysfunctions in the nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive systems. Severe exposure can lead to paralysis, respiratory failure, and mortality. STX primarily enters the human body through the consumption of contaminated shellfish, posing a significant public health risk as the causative agent of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Beyond its acute toxicity, STX exerts cascading impacts on food safety, marine ecosystem integrity, and economic stability, particularly in regions affected by harmful algal blooms (HABs). Moreover, the complex molecular structure of STX—tricyclic skeleton and biguanide group—and its diverse analogs (more than 50 derivatives) have made it the focus of research on natural toxins. In this review, we traced the discovery history, chemical structure, molecular biosynthesis, biological enrichment mechanisms, and toxicological actions of STX. Moreover, we highlighted recent advancements in the potential for detection and treatment strategies of STX. By integrating multidisciplinary insights, this review aims to provide a holistic understanding of STX and to guide future research directions for its prevention, management, and potential applications.
ISSN:1660-3397
DOI:10.3390/md23070277
Fuente:Health & Medical Collection