Saxitoxin: A Comprehensive Review of Its History, Structure, Toxicology, Biosynthesis, Detection, and Preventive Implications
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| Publicado en: | Marine Drugs vol. 23, no. 7 (2025), p. 277-303 |
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| Autor principal: | |
| Otros Autores: | , , , , |
| Publicado: |
MDPI AG
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| Acceso en línea: | Citation/Abstract Full Text + Graphics Full Text - PDF |
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| 024 | 7 | |a 10.3390/md23070277 |2 doi | |
| 035 | |a 3233229140 | ||
| 045 | 2 | |b d20250101 |b d20251231 | |
| 084 | |a 231646 |2 nlm | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Deng Huiyun |u Department of Student team, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; hydeng919@163.com (H.D.); xrshang0701@163.com (X.S.) | |
| 245 | 1 | |a Saxitoxin: A Comprehensive Review of Its History, Structure, Toxicology, Biosynthesis, Detection, and Preventive Implications | |
| 260 | |b MDPI AG |c 2025 | ||
| 513 | |a Journal Article | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a Saxitoxin (STX) is a potent toxin produced by marine dinoflagellates and freshwater or brackish water cyanobacteria, and is a member of the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). As a highly specific blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs), STX blocks sodium ion influx, thereby inhibiting nerve impulse transmission and leading to systemic physiological dysfunctions in the nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive systems. Severe exposure can lead to paralysis, respiratory failure, and mortality. STX primarily enters the human body through the consumption of contaminated shellfish, posing a significant public health risk as the causative agent of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Beyond its acute toxicity, STX exerts cascading impacts on food safety, marine ecosystem integrity, and economic stability, particularly in regions affected by harmful algal blooms (HABs). Moreover, the complex molecular structure of STX—tricyclic skeleton and biguanide group—and its diverse analogs (more than 50 derivatives) have made it the focus of research on natural toxins. In this review, we traced the discovery history, chemical structure, molecular biosynthesis, biological enrichment mechanisms, and toxicological actions of STX. Moreover, we highlighted recent advancements in the potential for detection and treatment strategies of STX. By integrating multidisciplinary insights, this review aims to provide a holistic understanding of STX and to guide future research directions for its prevention, management, and potential applications. | |
| 610 | 4 | |a Environmental Protection Agency--EPA | |
| 653 | |a Paralytic shellfish poisoning | ||
| 653 | |a Shellfish | ||
| 653 | |a Algal blooms | ||
| 653 | |a Food safety | ||
| 653 | |a Biosynthesis | ||
| 653 | |a Brackish water | ||
| 653 | |a Inland water environment | ||
| 653 | |a Acute toxicity | ||
| 653 | |a Public health | ||
| 653 | |a Sodium | ||
| 653 | |a Ecosystem integrity | ||
| 653 | |a Marine ecosystems | ||
| 653 | |a Cyanobacteria | ||
| 653 | |a Toxins | ||
| 653 | |a Toxicology | ||
| 653 | |a Paralysis | ||
| 653 | |a Eutrophication | ||
| 653 | |a Poisoning | ||
| 653 | |a Algae | ||
| 653 | |a Nerves | ||
| 653 | |a Channel gating | ||
| 653 | |a Saxitoxin | ||
| 653 | |a Health risks | ||
| 653 | |a Sodium channels (voltage-gated) | ||
| 653 | |a Toxicity | ||
| 653 | |a Nuclear magnetic resonance--NMR | ||
| 653 | |a Molecular structure | ||
| 653 | |a Drug dosages | ||
| 653 | |a Oxidation | ||
| 653 | |a Solvents | ||
| 653 | |a Freshwater | ||
| 653 | |a Dinoflagellates | ||
| 653 | |a Environmental | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Shang Xinrui |u Department of Student team, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; hydeng919@163.com (H.D.); xrshang0701@163.com (X.S.) | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hu, Zhu |u College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; zhuhu@fjnu.edu.cn | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Huang, Ning |u Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Wang Lianghua |u Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Sun Mingjuan |u Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China | |
| 773 | 0 | |t Marine Drugs |g vol. 23, no. 7 (2025), p. 277-303 | |
| 786 | 0 | |d ProQuest |t Health & Medical Collection | |
| 856 | 4 | 1 | |3 Citation/Abstract |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3233229140/abstract/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |3 Full Text + Graphics |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3233229140/fulltextwithgraphics/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |3 Full Text - PDF |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3233229140/fulltextPDF/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch |