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Global Environmental Geochemistry and Molecular Speciation of Heavy Metals in Soils and Groundwater from Abandoned Smelting Sites: Analysis of the Contamination Dynamics and Remediation Alternatives in Karst Settings

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Publicado en:Toxics vol. 13, no. 7 (2025), p. 608-632
Autor principal: Xu, Hang
Otros Autores: Han, Qiao, Muhammad, Adnan, Li Mengfei, Wang, Mingshi, Wang Mingya, Jiang Fengcheng, Feng Xixi
Publicado:
MDPI AG
Materias:
Geology
Groundwater flow
Contamination
Cadmium
Environmental impact
Speciation
Bioremediation
Heterogeneity
Bioavailability
Microorganisms
Hydrogeology
Mineralogy
Geochemistry
Risk management
Heavy metals
Phytoremediation
Metallurgy
Smelting
Pollutants
Karst
Toxicity
Biosorption
Hydrology
Groundwater pollution
Aquifers
Risk assessment
Oxidation
Spatial heterogeneity
Groundwater
Flow system
Sustainable remediation
Soil surfaces
Environmental
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Resumen:Abandoned smelting sites in karst terrain pose a serious environmental problem due to the complex relationship between specific hydrogeological elements and heavy metal contamination. This review combines work from across the globe to consider how karst-specific features (i.e., rapid underground drainage, high permeability, and carbonate mineralogy) influence the mobility, speciation, and bioavailability of “metallic” pollutants, such as Pb, Cd, Zn, and As. In some areas, such as Guizhou (China), the Cd content in the surface soil is as high as 23.36 mg/kg, indicating a regional risk. Molecular-scale analysis, such as synchrotron-based XAS, can elucidate the speciation forms that underlie toxicity and remediation potential. Additionally, we emphasize discrepancies between karst in Asia, Europe, and North America and synthesize cross-regional contamination events. The risk evaluation is complicated, particularly when dynamic flow systems and spatial heterogeneity are permanent, and deep models like DI-NCPI are required as a matter of course. The remediation is still dependent on the site; however, some technologies, such as phytoremediation, biosorption, and bioremediation, are promising if suitable geochemical and microbial conditions are present. This review presents a framework for integrating molecular data and hydrogeological concepts to inform the management of risk and sustainable remediation of legacy metal pollution in karst.
ISSN:2305-6304
DOI:10.3390/toxics13070608
Fuente:Biological Science Database