The role of interactive, constructive, active, and passive learning activities (ICAPCALL) in shaping students’ online engagement, and learning approaches to virtual exchange (SAVE): a bisymmetric approach

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Publicat a:Smart Learning Environments vol. 12, no. 1 (Dec 2025), p. 61
Autor principal: Rahimi, Amir Reza
Altres autors: Sevilla-Pavón, Ana
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Springer Nature B.V.
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024 7 |a 10.1186/s40561-024-00363-0  |2 doi 
035 |a 3255980840 
045 2 |b d20251201  |b d20251231 
100 1 |a Rahimi, Amir Reza  |u Universitat de València, València, Spain (GRID:grid.5338.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2173 938X) 
245 1 |a The role of interactive, constructive, active, and passive learning activities (ICAPCALL) in shaping students’ online engagement, and learning approaches to virtual exchange (SAVE): a bisymmetric approach 
260 |b Springer Nature B.V.  |c Dec 2025 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a In computer-assisted language learning (CALL), a variety of studies have explored the use of Virtual Exchange (VE) for shaping learners' cultural competence from the perspective of sociolinguistics. However, few studies have examined learners' psycholinguistic factors in this context. Since based on the dynamic complex system, students' psycholinguistic factors act independently and in conjunction with each other in any language learning context. Thus, by applying stimulus-organism-response theory (S-O-R), we explored these inter-correlations in this context. In this case, we used Interactive, Constructive, Passive, and Active activities in CALL (ICAP), which have not been integrated into the field as stimuli to shape learners' online engagement as organisms and approaches to VE as a response. Accordingly, we integrated VE tasks into their language and cultural exchanges with Cypriot and Irish students in their respective partner universities based on ICAPCALL. The ICAPCALL and Students' Approach to Virtual Exchange (SAVE) were validated through partial least square modeling (PLS-SEM) in the VE. Moreover, the serial mediation analysis showed that learners could establish knowledge individually or collaboratively, influencing behavior and cognitive engagement to ask questions and exchange information to solve complex learning problems, stimulating a VE deepening approach. Moreover, the Necessary Conditional Analysis (NCA) revealed that passive and active learning activities were among the necessary conditions in shaping learners' deep approach to VE; however, a further level of them could not increase their deep approach to it. Based on these findings, the study introduces a new psycholinguistic framework to the VE, namely as a SAVE, and language learning activities to the CALL literature, namely as an ICAPCALL, and provides a new interconnectedness of learners' dynamic complex systems in the VE and highlights the importance of teachers maintaining a balance between collaborative and individual learning activities in this context to shape students' deep approach. 
653 |a Teaching 
653 |a Students 
653 |a Exchanging 
653 |a Intercultural communication 
653 |a Context 
653 |a College students 
653 |a Educational technology 
653 |a Learning activities 
653 |a Learning environment 
653 |a Colleges & universities 
653 |a Knowledge 
653 |a Computer assisted language learning 
653 |a Psycholinguistics 
653 |a Language teachers 
653 |a Language 
653 |a Pedagogy 
653 |a Cooperative learning 
653 |a Language varieties 
653 |a Complexity 
653 |a Mediation 
653 |a Educational activities 
653 |a Complex systems 
653 |a Sociolinguistics 
653 |a Second language learning 
653 |a Learning 
653 |a Collaborative learning 
653 |a Collaboration 
653 |a Connectedness 
653 |a Teachers 
653 |a Language acquisition 
653 |a Stimuli 
653 |a Stimulus 
653 |a Cultural competence 
653 |a Cognitive-behavioral factors 
653 |a Critical Thinking 
653 |a Communicative Competence (Languages) 
653 |a Academic Achievement 
653 |a Cultural Awareness 
653 |a Concept Mapping 
653 |a Learner Engagement 
653 |a Language Role 
653 |a Educational Quality 
653 |a Language Usage 
653 |a Language Skills 
653 |a Influence of Technology 
653 |a Learning Strategies 
653 |a Cultural Background 
653 |a English (Second Language) 
653 |a Instructional Materials 
653 |a Individual Activities 
653 |a Computer Mediated Communication 
653 |a Blended Learning 
653 |a Feedback (Response) 
653 |a Electronic Learning 
653 |a Definitions 
700 1 |a Sevilla-Pavón, Ana  |u Universitat de València, València, Spain (GRID:grid.5338.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2173 938X) 
773 0 |t Smart Learning Environments  |g vol. 12, no. 1 (Dec 2025), p. 61 
786 0 |d ProQuest  |t Education Database 
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