Schizochytrium Supplementation in Compound Feed: Effects on Growth, Metamorphosis, Intermediate Metabolism, and Intestinal Health of Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus)

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Publicado en:	Antioxidants vol. 14, no. 10 (2025), p. 1208-1232
Autor principal:	Ding, Hao
Otros Autores:	He Yinglin, Song Yujian, Liang Jingjing, Li Woxing, Xu, Chao, Yang, Huirong
Publicado:	MDPI AG
Materias:	Beijing China Guangzhou China United States > US China Na+/K+-exchanging ATPase Feeds Creatine kinase Enzymatic activity Animals Nutrition Fatty acids Frogs Feed additives Agricultural technology Reptiles & amphibians Metabolism Genes Superoxide dismutase Kinases Metamorphosis Efficiency Intestine Insulin-like growth factor I Insulin-like growth factors Microbiota Growth hormones Alkaline phosphatase Epithelial cells Creatine Variance analysis Schizochytrium
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Descripción
Resumen:	Schizochytrium is often added to feed to enhance the growth and health of farmed animals, yet research on its effects on amphibians remains relatively scarce. Here, this study investigated the effects of dietary Schizochytrium meal on growth, metamorphosis, intermediate metabolism, and intestinal health of bullfrogs. Six compound feeds (S0–S5) containing different gradients of Schizochytrium meal (0.00, 2.00, 5.00, 10.00, 15.00, and 20.00 g/kg diets) were formulated. After 90 days, the S4 group (15.00 g/kg) exhibited significantly superior growth performance, with the weight gain rate (WGR) increasing by up to 23.78% compared to the control (S0). Metamorphosis rate (MR) peaked at 23.33% in the S4 group. The enzyme activities of digestion (amylase (AMS), lipase (LPS), protease), brush border membrane (Na+, K+-ATPase, alkaline phosphatase (AKP), γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), creatine kinase (CK), and antioxidation (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)), as well as microvilli length and mucosal epithelial cell height in the intestine were the highest in the S4 group. Intestinal microbial diversity (Ace index) significantly increased by 41.28% in the S4 group, which also promoted beneficial bacteria. Key genes related to the GH-IGF-1 axis, metabolism, and intestinal barrier function were significantly upregulated with increasing Schizochytrium levels up to 15.00 g/kg, whereas pro-inflammatory genes showed an opposite trend. Overall, dietary supplementation with Schizochytrium meal at 15.00 g/kg promotes growth, metamorphosis, and intestinal health in bullfrog tadpoles by modulating the GH-IGF-1 axis, enhancing digestion and absorption, and improving intestinal integrity. Optimal Schizochytrium meal levels were identified as 13.27 g/kg.
ISSN:	2076-3921
DOI:	10.3390/antiox14101208
Fuente:	Biological Science Database