Schizochytrium Supplementation in Compound Feed: Effects on Growth, Metamorphosis, Intermediate Metabolism, and Intestinal Health of Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus)

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Gepubliceerd in:Antioxidants vol. 14, no. 10 (2025), p. 1208-1232
Hoofdauteur: Ding, Hao
Andere auteurs: He Yinglin, Song Yujian, Liang Jingjing, Li Woxing, Xu, Chao, Yang, Huirong
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LEADER 00000nab a2200000uu 4500
001 3265824934
003 UK-CbPIL
022 |a 2076-3921 
024 7 |a 10.3390/antiox14101208  |2 doi 
035 |a 3265824934 
045 2 |b d20250101  |b d20251231 
084 |a 231337  |2 nlm 
100 1 |a Ding, Hao  |u College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; haoding@stu.scau.edu.cn (H.D.); yinglinhe@stu.scau.edu.cn (Y.H.); 
245 1 |a <i>Schizochytrium</i> Supplementation in Compound Feed: Effects on Growth, Metamorphosis, Intermediate Metabolism, and Intestinal Health of Bullfrogs (<i>Lithobates catesbeianus</i>) 
260 |b MDPI AG  |c 2025 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a Schizochytrium is often added to feed to enhance the growth and health of farmed animals, yet research on its effects on amphibians remains relatively scarce. Here, this study investigated the effects of dietary Schizochytrium meal on growth, metamorphosis, intermediate metabolism, and intestinal health of bullfrogs. Six compound feeds (S0–S5) containing different gradients of Schizochytrium meal (0.00, 2.00, 5.00, 10.00, 15.00, and 20.00 g/kg diets) were formulated. After 90 days, the S4 group (15.00 g/kg) exhibited significantly superior growth performance, with the weight gain rate (WGR) increasing by up to 23.78% compared to the control (S0). Metamorphosis rate (MR) peaked at 23.33% in the S4 group. The enzyme activities of digestion (amylase (AMS), lipase (LPS), protease), brush border membrane (Na+, K+-ATPase, alkaline phosphatase (AKP), γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), creatine kinase (CK), and antioxidation (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)), as well as microvilli length and mucosal epithelial cell height in the intestine were the highest in the S4 group. Intestinal microbial diversity (Ace index) significantly increased by 41.28% in the S4 group, which also promoted beneficial bacteria. Key genes related to the GH-IGF-1 axis, metabolism, and intestinal barrier function were significantly upregulated with increasing Schizochytrium levels up to 15.00 g/kg, whereas pro-inflammatory genes showed an opposite trend. Overall, dietary supplementation with Schizochytrium meal at 15.00 g/kg promotes growth, metamorphosis, and intestinal health in bullfrog tadpoles by modulating the GH-IGF-1 axis, enhancing digestion and absorption, and improving intestinal integrity. Optimal Schizochytrium meal levels were identified as 13.27 g/kg. 
651 4 |a Beijing China 
651 4 |a Guangzhou China 
651 4 |a United States--US 
651 4 |a China 
653 |a Na+/K+-exchanging ATPase 
653 |a Feeds 
653 |a Creatine kinase 
653 |a Enzymatic activity 
653 |a Animals 
653 |a Nutrition 
653 |a Fatty acids 
653 |a Frogs 
653 |a Feed additives 
653 |a Agricultural technology 
653 |a Reptiles & amphibians 
653 |a Metabolism 
653 |a Genes 
653 |a Superoxide dismutase 
653 |a Kinases 
653 |a Metamorphosis 
653 |a Efficiency 
653 |a Intestine 
653 |a Insulin-like growth factor I 
653 |a Insulin-like growth factors 
653 |a Microbiota 
653 |a Growth hormones 
653 |a Alkaline phosphatase 
653 |a Epithelial cells 
653 |a Creatine 
653 |a Variance analysis 
653 |a Schizochytrium 
700 1 |a He Yinglin  |u College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; haoding@stu.scau.edu.cn (H.D.); yinglinhe@stu.scau.edu.cn (Y.H.); 
700 1 |a Song Yujian  |u College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; haoding@stu.scau.edu.cn (H.D.); yinglinhe@stu.scau.edu.cn (Y.H.); 
700 1 |a Liang Jingjing  |u College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; haoding@stu.scau.edu.cn (H.D.); yinglinhe@stu.scau.edu.cn (Y.H.); 
700 1 |a Li Woxing  |u College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; haoding@stu.scau.edu.cn (H.D.); yinglinhe@stu.scau.edu.cn (Y.H.); 
700 1 |a Xu, Chao  |u College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; haoding@stu.scau.edu.cn (H.D.); yinglinhe@stu.scau.edu.cn (Y.H.); 
700 1 |a Yang, Huirong  |u College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; haoding@stu.scau.edu.cn (H.D.); yinglinhe@stu.scau.edu.cn (Y.H.); 
773 0 |t Antioxidants  |g vol. 14, no. 10 (2025), p. 1208-1232 
786 0 |d ProQuest  |t Biological Science Database 
856 4 1 |3 Citation/Abstract  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3265824934/abstract/embedded/6A8EOT78XXH2IG52?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text + Graphics  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3265824934/fulltextwithgraphics/embedded/6A8EOT78XXH2IG52?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text - PDF  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3265824934/fulltextPDF/embedded/6A8EOT78XXH2IG52?source=fedsrch