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022 |a 2190-5487 
022 |a 2190-5495 
024 7 |a 10.1007/s13201-025-02641-9  |2 doi 
035 |a 3266131845 
045 2 |b d20251101  |b d20251130 
084 |a 242435  |2 nlm 
100 1 |a Jo, Chang Dae  |u Nakdong River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, Republic of Korea (GRID:grid.419585.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0647 9913) 
245 1 |a Diagnostic evaluation of a small watershed via multivariate statistical analysis and a positive matrix factorization receptor model 
260 |b Springer Nature B.V.  |c Nov 2025 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a This study employs multivariate statistical techniques, water quality index (WQI), and a positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model to identify pollution sources entering a river, and evaluate the water quality. The study aims to establish strategies for effective water quality management in a watershed by identifying water quality characteristics using principal component analysis (PCA), and evaluating the effect of each pollution source using the PMF model. Through PCA, we identified organic matter and nutrients (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus) as the primary sources of pollution with a significant impact on the target watershed. The PMF receptor model showed that the pollution sources included organic matter (29.61%), chlorophyll (22.52%), and nitrogen-based nutritive salts (19.80%). Furthermore, the WQI revealed a decrease in the calculated values in urban districts; site 1 (85.1) showed the highest value, whereas sites 5 (64.0) and 6 (63.8) showed lower values. The overall water quality remained safe above the moderate level. To maintain safe water quality and ensure effective management practices, it is imperative to consistently monitor the treated water flowing into the river from domestic sewage and industrial wastewater treatment facilities, and implement countermeasures against various non-point pollution sources. By selecting the sections affecting the target watershed and presenting the main factors and contributions of pollution sources, this study provides a range of methods for water quality management through scientific and precise analysis. The diverse analysis techniques employed in this study can be applied to future water quality evaluations. 
610 4 |a Environmental Protection Agency--EPA 
651 4 |a South Korea 
651 4 |a United States--US 
653 |a Household wastes 
653 |a Receptors 
653 |a Surface water 
653 |a Organic matter 
653 |a Phosphorus 
653 |a Principal components analysis 
653 |a Nitrogen 
653 |a Watersheds 
653 |a Rivers 
653 |a Scientific imaging 
653 |a Chromatography 
653 |a Nonpoint source pollution 
653 |a Climate change 
653 |a Statistical analysis 
653 |a Sewage 
653 |a Water quality 
653 |a Precipitation 
653 |a Wastewater treatment 
653 |a Multivariate analysis 
653 |a Multivariate statistical analysis 
653 |a Methods 
653 |a Statistical methods 
653 |a Industrial wastewater treatment 
653 |a Industrial wastewater 
653 |a Treated water 
653 |a Water treatment plants 
653 |a Industrial wastes 
653 |a Salts 
653 |a Pollution sources 
653 |a Factorization 
653 |a Quality management 
653 |a Nitrates 
653 |a Pollutants 
653 |a Chemical oxygen demand 
653 |a Water pollution 
653 |a Population growth 
653 |a Standard scores 
653 |a Quality assessment 
653 |a Nutrients 
653 |a Water quality management 
653 |a River ecology 
653 |a Watershed management 
653 |a Organic phosphorus 
653 |a Variables 
653 |a Chlorophyll 
653 |a Environmental 
700 1 |a Kwon, Heon Gak  |u Nakdong River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, Republic of Korea (GRID:grid.419585.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0647 9913) 
773 0 |t Applied Water Science  |g vol. 15, no. 11 (Nov 2025), p. 277 
786 0 |d ProQuest  |t Publicly Available Content Database 
856 4 1 |3 Citation/Abstract  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3266131845/abstract/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3266131845/fulltext/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text - PDF  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3266131845/fulltextPDF/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch