Soil–Water–Air (SWA) Interface Channel Model for River Bridge Pillar Health Monitoring Using WSN

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Xuất bản năm:Information vol. 16, no. 12 (2025), p. 1019-1041
Tác giả chính: Panda Hitesh
Tác giả khác: Roopesh, Ramesh, Subbaiyan Saranya, Nagendra Swamy Thimmaiah, Das Manoranjan, Sahu Benudhar
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MDPI AG
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024 7 |a 10.3390/info16121019  |2 doi 
035 |a 3286306254 
045 2 |b d20251201  |b d20251231 
084 |a 231474  |2 nlm 
100 1 |a Panda Hitesh  |u Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, India; manoranjandas@soa.ac.in (M.D.); benudharsahu@soa.ac.in (B.S.) 
245 1 |a Soil–Water–Air (SWA) Interface Channel Model for River Bridge Pillar Health Monitoring Using WSN 
260 |b MDPI AG  |c 2025 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a Wireless sensor networks are installed beneath the earth’s surface to track and assess the condition of the below-ground structures. In these systems, buried sensor nodes identify structural anomalies and transmit the sensed information through both soil and air to a sink node located above the ground. In a river-bridge-pillar-monitoring setup, the sensor node located at the pillar’s base sends signals that propagate through soil, water, and air before being received by the sink positioned beneath the bridge. This signal transmission involves transmission through soil, water, and air media. The transmission of signals through soil, water, and air media is yet to be explored through a defined channel model. This study introduces a channel model where the signal traverses through soil, water, and air, and derives an analytical formulation to represent the associated path loss. In addition, experimental validation of the obtained analytical path-loss was conducted using a LoRa setup. It was observed from analytical and experimental results that soil depth and water level individually affect the path loss significantly. This severe attenuation needs to be addressed before the actual deployment of the network. 
653 |a Wireless communications 
653 |a Receivers & amplifiers 
653 |a Structural health monitoring 
653 |a Signal transmission 
653 |a Water levels 
653 |a Remote monitoring 
653 |a Communication channels 
653 |a Buried structures 
653 |a Sensors 
653 |a Wireless sensor networks 
653 |a Antennas 
700 1 |a Roopesh, Ramesh  |u Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560056, Karnataka, India; roopeshr.ec@drait.edu.in (R.R.); tnswamy.ec@drait.edu.in (S.T.N.) 
700 1 |a Subbaiyan Saranya  |u Department of Mathematics, BMS Institute of Technology & Management, Bengaluru 560119, Karnataka, India; saranya@bmsit.in 
700 1 |a Nagendra Swamy Thimmaiah  |u Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560056, Karnataka, India; roopeshr.ec@drait.edu.in (R.R.); tnswamy.ec@drait.edu.in (S.T.N.) 
700 1 |a Das Manoranjan  |u Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, India; manoranjandas@soa.ac.in (M.D.); benudharsahu@soa.ac.in (B.S.) 
700 1 |a Sahu Benudhar  |u Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, India; manoranjandas@soa.ac.in (M.D.); benudharsahu@soa.ac.in (B.S.) 
773 0 |t Information  |g vol. 16, no. 12 (2025), p. 1019-1041 
786 0 |d ProQuest  |t Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database 
856 4 1 |3 Citation/Abstract  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3286306254/abstract/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text + Graphics  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3286306254/fulltextwithgraphics/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text - PDF  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3286306254/fulltextPDF/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch