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Soil–Water–Air (SWA) Interface Channel Model for River Bridge Pillar Health Monitoring Using WSN

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Izdano u:Information vol. 16, no. 12 (2025), p. 1019-1041
Glavni autor: Panda Hitesh
Daljnji autori: Roopesh, Ramesh, Subbaiyan Saranya, Nagendra Swamy Thimmaiah, Das Manoranjan, Sahu Benudhar
Izdano:
MDPI AG
Teme:
Wireless communications
Receivers & amplifiers
Structural health monitoring
Signal transmission
Water levels
Remote monitoring
Communication channels
Buried structures
Sensors
Wireless sensor networks
Antennas
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Sažetak:Wireless sensor networks are installed beneath the earth’s surface to track and assess the condition of the below-ground structures. In these systems, buried sensor nodes identify structural anomalies and transmit the sensed information through both soil and air to a sink node located above the ground. In a river-bridge-pillar-monitoring setup, the sensor node located at the pillar’s base sends signals that propagate through soil, water, and air before being received by the sink positioned beneath the bridge. This signal transmission involves transmission through soil, water, and air media. The transmission of signals through soil, water, and air media is yet to be explored through a defined channel model. This study introduces a channel model where the signal traverses through soil, water, and air, and derives an analytical formulation to represent the associated path loss. In addition, experimental validation of the obtained analytical path-loss was conducted using a LoRa setup. It was observed from analytical and experimental results that soil depth and water level individually affect the path loss significantly. This severe attenuation needs to be addressed before the actual deployment of the network.
ISSN:2078-2489
Digitalni identifikator objekta:10.3390/info16121019
Izvor:Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database