Mechanochemically Synthesized Nanocrystalline Cu2ZnSnSe4 as a Multifunctional Material for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Publicado en:	Nanomaterials vol. 15, no. 24 (2025), p. 1866-1883
Autor principal:	Johnrose, Angel Agnes
Otros Autores:	Rajan, Sajitha Devika, Panneerselvam Vengatesh, Anandhi, Sivaramalingam, Amirtharaj Mosas Kamalan Kirubaharan, Beauno, Stephen, Shyju, Thankaraj Salammal
Publicado:	MDPI AG
Materias:	United States > US Japan Raman spectra Crystallites Scanning electron microscopy Zinc Copper zinc tin selenide X-ray diffraction Diffraction Electrical resistivity Copper Point defects Raman spectroscopy Energy storage Thin films Synthesis Spectroscopy Efficiency Multifunctional materials Energy conversion Electromagnetic absorption Alternative energy Lasers Selenium Software Semiconductors Dislocation density Solar cells Oxidation Vibration mode Photoelectrons Vacuum annealing Photovoltaic cells Crystal structure Crystals Photovoltaics Spectrum analysis Nonlinear optics Optical analysis X ray photoelectron spectroscopy Electrical properties Morphology Photoelectron spectroscopy Tin
Acceso en línea:	Citation/Abstract Full Text + Graphics Full Text - PDF
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Descripción
Resumen:	Cu2ZnSnSe4 is a promising light-absorbing material for cost-effective and eco-friendly thin-film solar cells; however, its synthesis often leads to secondary phases that limit device efficiency. To overcome these challenges, we devised a straightforward and efficient method to obtain single-phase Cu2ZnSnSe4 nanocrystalline powders directly from the elements Cu, Zn, Sn, and Se via mechanochemical synthesis followed by vacuum annealing at 450 °C. Phase evolution monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy at two-hour milling intervals confirmed the formation of phase-pure kesterite Cu2ZnSnSe4 and enabled tracking of transient secondary phases. Raman spectra revealed the characteristic A1 vibrational modes of the kesterite structure, while XRD peaks and Rietveld refinement (χ2 ~ 1) validated single-phase formation with crystallite sizes of 10–15 nm and dislocation densities of 3.00–3.20 1015 lines/m2. Optical analysis showed a direct bandgap of ~1.1 eV, and estimated linear and nonlinear optical constants validate its potential for photovoltaic applications. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed uniformly distributed particles 50–60 nm, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) analysis confirmed a near-stoichiometric Cu:Zn:Sn:Se ratio of 2:1:1:4. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) identified the expected oxidation states (Cu+, Zn2+, Sn4+, and Se2−). Electrical characterization revealed p-type conductivity with a mobility (μ) of 2.09 cm2/Vs, sheet resistance (ρ) of 4.87 Ω cm, and carrier concentrations of 1.23 × 1019 cm−3. Galvanostatic charge–discharge testing (GCD) demonstrated an energy density of 2.872 Wh/kg−1 and a power density of 1083 W kg−1, highlighting the material’s additional potential for energy storage applications.
ISSN:	2079-4991
DOI:	10.3390/nano15241866
Fuente:	Materials Science Database