Investigating Foreign Language Vocabulary Recognition in Children with ADHD and Autism with the Use of Eye Tracking Technology

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Publicado en:Brain Sciences vol. 15, no. 8 (2025), p. 876-890
Autor principal: Andreou Georgia
Otros Autores: Argatzopoulou Ariadni
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MDPI AG
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001 3243985393
003 UK-CbPIL
022 |a 2076-3425 
024 7 |a 10.3390/brainsci15080876  |2 doi 
035 |a 3243985393 
045 2 |b d20250101  |b d20251231 
084 |a 231436  |2 nlm 
100 1 |a Andreou Georgia 
245 1 |a Investigating Foreign Language Vocabulary Recognition in Children with ADHD and Autism with the Use of Eye Tracking Technology 
260 |b MDPI AG  |c 2025 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a Background: Neurodivergent students, including those with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), frequently encounter challenges in several areas of foreign language (FL) learning, including vocabulary acquisition. This exploratory study aimed to investigate real-time English as a Foreign Language (EFL) word recognition using eye tracking within the Visual World Paradigm (VWP). Specifically, it examined whether gaze patterns could serve as indicators of successful word recognition, how these patterns varied across three distractor types (semantic, phonological, unrelated), and whether age and vocabulary knowledge influenced visual attention during word processing. Methods: Eye-tracking data were collected from 17 children aged 6–10 years with ADHD or ASD while they completed EFL word recognition tasks. Analyses focused on gaze metrics across target and distractor images to identify percentile-based thresholds as potential data-driven markers of recognition. Group differences (ADHD vs. ASD) and the roles of age and vocabulary knowledge were also examined. Results: Children with ADHD exhibited increased fixations on phonological distractors, indicating higher susceptibility to interference, whereas children with ASD demonstrated more distributed attention, often attracted by semantic cues. Older participants and those with higher vocabulary scores showed more efficient gaze behavior, characterized by increased fixations on target images, greater attention to relevant stimuli, and reduced attention to distractors. Conclusions: Percentile-based thresholds in gaze metrics may provide useful markers of word recognition in neurodivergent learners. Findings underscore the importance of differentiated instructional strategies in EFL education for children with ADHD and ASD. The study further supports the integration of eye tracking with behavioral assessments to advance understanding of language processing in atypical developmental contexts. 
653 |a Second language vocabulary learning 
653 |a Visual perception 
653 |a Neurodiversity 
653 |a Eye 
653 |a Language acquisition 
653 |a Phonology 
653 |a Lexical processing 
653 |a Autism 
653 |a Language 
653 |a Pattern recognition 
653 |a English as a second language learning 
653 |a English as a second language 
653 |a Marking and tracking techniques 
653 |a Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 
653 |a Semantics 
653 |a Eye movements 
653 |a Children 
653 |a Thresholds 
653 |a Word recognition 
653 |a Native language acquisition 
653 |a Information processing 
653 |a Language processing 
653 |a Learning transfer 
653 |a Susceptibility 
653 |a Eye fixation 
653 |a Visual attention 
653 |a Distraction 
653 |a Foreign languages 
653 |a Tracking 
653 |a Data processing 
653 |a Autistic children 
653 |a English language 
653 |a Cues 
653 |a Acknowledgment 
653 |a Vocabulary 
653 |a Eye tracking 
700 1 |a Argatzopoulou Ariadni 
773 0 |t Brain Sciences  |g vol. 15, no. 8 (2025), p. 876-890 
786 0 |d ProQuest  |t Biological Science Database 
856 4 1 |3 Citation/Abstract  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3243985393/abstract/embedded/6A8EOT78XXH2IG52?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text + Graphics  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3243985393/fulltextwithgraphics/embedded/6A8EOT78XXH2IG52?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text - PDF  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3243985393/fulltextPDF/embedded/6A8EOT78XXH2IG52?source=fedsrch