The relative effects of input and output based instruction on the development of L2 knowledge and the relationships with individual differences in working memory

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Publicado en:Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education vol. 10, no. 1 (Dec 2025), p. 34
Autor principal: Liang, Yan
Otros Autores: Zhang, Lawrence Jun
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Springer Nature B.V.
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Acceso en línea:Citation/Abstract
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024 7 |a 10.1186/s40862-025-00343-y  |2 doi 
035 |a 3237573950 
045 2 |b d20251201  |b d20251231 
100 1 |a Liang, Yan  |u Minzu University of China, College of International Education, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.411077.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0369 0529) 
245 1 |a The relative effects of input and output based instruction on the development of L2 knowledge and the relationships with individual differences in working memory 
260 |b Springer Nature B.V.  |c Dec 2025 
513 |a Journal Article 
520 3 |a While the relative effects of Processing instruction (PI) and various types of output-based instruction have been widely examined, the types of L2 knowledge generated after receiving instruction are under-researched. Moreover, the relationships between learners’ individual differences and the comparative effects of PI and output-based instruction have not yet been investigated. This study examined the types of L2 knowledge generated after three instructional methods and the relationships with individual differences in working memory capacity. A total of 86 adult beginning-level L2 Chinese learners were assigned into three experimental groups—processing instruction (PI), meaning-based output instruction (MOI), combined instruction (CI)—and a control group. An Untimed Grammaticality Judgment Test (UGJT) and an oral Elicited Imitation Test (EIT) were used to measure learners’ development of explicit and implicit knowledge respectively. A counting span task was employed to assess learners’ working memory capacity. The results demonstrated that the three types of instructional treatments brought about equal gains on the measure of explicit knowledge, and the meaning-based output instruction group made more gains on the measure of implicit knowledge. Working memory was negatively correlated with the UGJT for the MOI group. The results suggest that the three instructional treatments may aid the development of both explicit and implicit knowledge and the MOI group may have an advantage in facilitating the development of L2 implicit knowledge. The findings also suggest that learners with lower working memory capacity may benefit more from the MOI. 
653 |a Language 
653 |a Knowledge 
653 |a Explicit knowledge 
653 |a Grammaticality 
653 |a Teaching methods 
653 |a Chinese languages 
653 |a Individual differences 
653 |a Second language learning 
653 |a Short term memory 
653 |a Linguistics 
653 |a Meaning 
653 |a Teaching 
653 |a Tacit knowledge 
653 |a Counting 
653 |a Imitation 
653 |a Treatment methods 
653 |a Foreign aid 
653 |a Memory 
653 |a Groups 
653 |a Literature Reviews 
653 |a Control Groups 
653 |a Conventional Instruction 
653 |a Language Acquisition 
653 |a Meta Analysis 
653 |a Comprehension 
653 |a Metalinguistics 
653 |a Test Items 
653 |a Language Aptitude 
653 |a Skill Development 
653 |a Transfer of Training 
653 |a Feedback (Response) 
653 |a Evaluative Thinking 
653 |a Grammar 
653 |a Test Validity 
700 1 |a Zhang, Lawrence Jun  |u University of Auckland, Faculty of Education and Social Work, Auckland, New Zealand (GRID:grid.9654.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0372 3343) 
773 0 |t Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education  |g vol. 10, no. 1 (Dec 2025), p. 34 
786 0 |d ProQuest  |t Education Database 
856 4 1 |3 Citation/Abstract  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3237573950/abstract/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3237573950/fulltext/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch 
856 4 0 |3 Full Text - PDF  |u https://www.proquest.com/docview/3237573950/fulltextPDF/embedded/7BTGNMKEMPT1V9Z2?source=fedsrch