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The RF–Absolute Gradient Method for Localizing Wheat Moisture Content’s Abnormal Regions with 2D Microwave Scanning Detection

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Publicado en:Agriculture vol. 15, no. 15 (2025), p. 1649-1671
Autor principal: Dai, Dong
Otros Autores: Wang, Zhenyu, Huang, Hao, Xu, Mao, Liu Yehong, Li, Hao, Chen, Du
Publicado:
MDPI AG
Materias:
Wheat
Accuracy
Mold growths
Scanning
Radio frequency identification
Grain
Moisture content
Localization
Food quality
Economic impact
Prediction models
Error detection
Water content
Localization method
Machine learning
Microwave transmission
Artificial intelligence
Attenuation
Neural networks
Antennas
Methods
Algorithms
Radio frequency
Waveguides
Environmental
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Resumen:High moisture content (MC) harms wheat storage quality and readily leads to mold growth. Accurate localization of abnormal/high-moisture regions enables early warning, ensuring proper storage and reducing economic losses. The present study introduces the 2D microwave scanning method and investigates a novel localization method for addressing such a challenge. Both static and scanning experiments were performed on a developed mobile and non-destructive microwave detection system to quantify the MC of wheat and then locate abnormal moisture regions. For quantifying the wheat’s MC, a dual-parameter wheat MC prediction model with the random forest (RF) algorithm was constructed, achieving a high accuracy (R2 = 0.9846, MSE = 0.2768, MAE = 0.3986). MC scanning experiments were conducted by synchronized moving waveguides; the maximum absolute error of MC prediction was 0.565%, with a maximum relative error of 3.166%. Furthermore, both one- and two-dimensional localizing methods were proposed for localizing abnormal moisture regions. The one-dimensional method evaluated two approaches—attenuation value and absolute attenuation gradient—using computer simulation technology (CST) modeling and scanning experiments. The experimental results confirmed the superior performance of the absolute gradient method, with a center detection error of less than 12 mm in the anomalous wheat moisture region and a minimum width detection error of 1.4 mm. The study performed two-dimensional antenna scanning and effectively imaged the high-MC regions using phase delay analysis. The imaging results coincide with the actual locations of moisture anomaly regions. This study demonstrated a promising solution for accurately localizing the wheat’s abnormal/high-moisture regions with the use of an emerging microwave transmission method.
ISSN:2077-0472
DOI:10.3390/agriculture15151649
Fuente:Agriculture Science Database